5 results

Innovative Solutions for Aquaculture: Assessment if in situ monitoring techniques and life history parameters for monogenean skin and gill parasites

Project number: 2003-221
Project Status:
Completed
Budget expenditure: $23,171.68
Principal Investigator: Ian Whittington
Organisation: Department of Primary Industries and Regions South Australia (PIRSA)
Project start/end date: 30 Aug 2003 - 30 Apr 2009
Contact:
FRDC

Need

This project is to develop a method for policies to be developed to monitor and manage parasite burdens across an entire industry.

Yellowtail kingfish production in South Australia in 2001/2 was approximately 1100 tonnes and is expected to increase to 5000 tonnes within 5 years. The potential risks associated with a rapidly growing industry are manifest and without scientifically based, whole-industry management and auditing systems the potential for commercial, environmental and public perception problems associated with pests are significant. Some negative perceptions regarding kingfish farming have already appeared in the media (e.g. Hunt, 2003). Industry research has concentrated on the production losses associated with monogenean infestations and while on-farm management is a vital part of a pest control system, assessment systems vary between farms in stage of development and accuracy.

Marine finfish growers in South Australia have agreed in-principle to a system whereby their farms are monitored externally by the state regulatory authority (Primary Industries and Resources SA) for skin and gill fluke numbers. Two methods have been proposed; one by which individual farms will take their own fluke counts and supply them to PIRSA (with occasional auditing/checks by PIRSA) and another by which PIRSA staff will make regular farm visits to make fluke counts. Policies will be implemented through include licence conditions enforceable under the Aquaculture Act, 2001 that form an integral part of the management framework of aquaculture in South Australia. Their support for this whole-industry monitoring is derived in part from emerging negative perceptions in the media that can be countered to some extent by cooperating with government to create a scientifically based, accurate, transparent system of monitoring and managing flukes on kingfish farms throughout South Australia.

Treasurer and Pope (2001) developed a system for counting salmon lice by visual inspection, but this system is not directly applicable to parasites that have microscopic juvenile stages, do not infect their hosts externally or are unable as adults to transfer between host individuals in a pen. The confounds associated with a chemical harvesting system are different to those of visual inspection by a trained observer and this difference needs to be assessed for the method being proposed by us to be successful.

Objectives

1. Develop a prototype image analysis system for counting and sizing skin and gill flukes
2. Validate the accuracy of the system using manual counts and measurements
3. Compile a users manual
4. Establish policies and operating standards for the sustainable management of marine farms based on project data.
5. Provide training workshops to potential users.

Final report

ISBN: 978-0-646-55907-0
Author: Ian Whittington

Innovative Solutions for Aquaculture: potential for parasite interactions between wild and farmed kingfish, discrimination of farmed and wild fish and assessment of migratory behaviour

Project number: 2003-220
Project Status:
Completed
Budget expenditure: $200,285.36
Principal Investigator: Colin Johnston
Organisation: Department of Primary Industries and Regions South Australia (PIRSA)
Project start/end date: 30 Aug 2003 - 2 Jun 2007
Contact:
FRDC

Need

Seriola spp. are susceptible to a variety of viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases. In Japan, where considerable culture of these fish occurs (including S. dumerili, S. lalandi and S. quinqueradiata), several pathogens and parasites are responsible for serious production inefficiencies. Monogenean (flatworm) parasites are one of the most serious problems for the yellowtail industry and may increase production costs by over 20% (Ernst et al. 2002). In Australia, monogeneans have become a serious risk to sustainable development of the emerging kingfish industry (S. lalandi) in Spencer Gulf. Without efficient, effective and environmentally aware parasite management strategies, competitive and sustainable production will be impossible. The need for improved parasite management is recognised by industry in Australia and Japan and by the Australian Government who have jointly invested over $1 million through a 3-year Australian Research Council Linkage Project (“Kingfish/Yellowtail Parasite Management Project”) to develop integrated management strategies for the aquaculture of Seriola spp. (see Synergies below). This research project, however, has no funding to investigate the important issue of interactions between wild and cultured fish stocks. This topic is of critical concern to sea-cage aquaculture of kingfish as it has been for sea-cage aquaculture of salmonids (Anonymous 1997).

There is currently a lack of scientific information on the interactions between wild and cultured fish directly applicable to the waters of South Australia in particular, and Australia in general, on which to base sound aquatic animal health policy, licence conditions and operating standards to safeguard both the wild and cultured fish populations. There is an immediate need for research in this area to allow PIRSA Aquaculture to develop effective policy and zone management, and to provide a framework for the development of Commonwealth principles of best practice and environmental management.

Whilst Seriola spp. are considered an appropriate starting point, it is envisaged that the broad principles of policy and standards derived from the research may be applied to the marine finfish aquaculture industry as a whole in Australia. With this in mind, a three-year project is considered necessary to study the yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) sector of the marine finfish net pen aquaculture industry, specifically to investigate the population dynamics and parasite interactions of skin flukes (Benedenia seriolae) and gill flukes (Zeuxapta seriolae) on cultured and wild fish. A second requirement is to study the effects on the wild population of any escapees from culture facilities. The yellowtail kingfish sector is again an appropriate model due to the close association of the cultured and wild fish in the Spencer Gulf.

Objectives

1. Determine the nature of parasite interactions between wild and farmed kingfish.a)Document the prevalence and intensity of the parasite fauna (not restricted to monogeneans) of wild kingfish in Spencer Gulf, compare with recorded parasites from Japanese aquaculture and perform a risk assessment for the organisms that are identified.B) Assess the possible effects of fish farms on the parasitic fauna of wild fish.c)Assess the possible role of wild fish in the infection dynamics of parasites on farmed fish.
2. 2.Determine potential impact that escaped, farmed fish have on wild populations of kingfish and other species. (This objective is dependent on a reliable method for detecting escaped farmed fish)a)Determine whether fish reared at different hatcheries and farms can be distinguished from one another and from wild fish using natural elemental signatures.b)Develop otolith marking protocols to batch mark hatchery reared fish (e.g. rare earth elements) so that hatchery fish applied to individual farms can be distinguished.c)Estimate the proportion of escaped fish in the wild kingfish population.
3. Determine the seasonal migratory habits of the wild kingfish population in Spencer Gulf.

Final report

ISBN: 978-0-86396-900-3
Author: Colin Johnston
Final Report • 2017-09-29
2003-220-DLD.pdf

Summary

This project greatly contributed to an increased understanding of parasite fauna of yellowtail kingfish in Australian waters.  This baseline information is critical to understanding potential parasite interactions between wild and farmed kingfish.  Our risk assessment enables consideration of parasite species of potential threat to the emerging industry.  We found batch marking hatchery fish with fluorescent dye may be the most practical and inexpensive method to discriminate wild and farmed fish.  We also provide the first data on wild kingfish migrations in Spencer Gulf, demonstrating that there may be heightened interactions between wild and farmed fish in Fitzgerald Bay in summer. 

This project provided training to several researchers, including one PhD student in the area of aquatic animal health and one Honours student in the area of otolith chemistry.  We indicate appropriate methods to enable better management practices in the kingfish industry which will help improve the viability of kingfish aquaculture in Australia in the future.

Keywords: Seriola, aquaculture, parasites, otolith chemistry, conventional tagging programme.

Final Report • 2017-09-29
2003-220-DLD.pdf

Summary

This project greatly contributed to an increased understanding of parasite fauna of yellowtail kingfish in Australian waters.  This baseline information is critical to understanding potential parasite interactions between wild and farmed kingfish.  Our risk assessment enables consideration of parasite species of potential threat to the emerging industry.  We found batch marking hatchery fish with fluorescent dye may be the most practical and inexpensive method to discriminate wild and farmed fish.  We also provide the first data on wild kingfish migrations in Spencer Gulf, demonstrating that there may be heightened interactions between wild and farmed fish in Fitzgerald Bay in summer. 

This project provided training to several researchers, including one PhD student in the area of aquatic animal health and one Honours student in the area of otolith chemistry.  We indicate appropriate methods to enable better management practices in the kingfish industry which will help improve the viability of kingfish aquaculture in Australia in the future.

Keywords: Seriola, aquaculture, parasites, otolith chemistry, conventional tagging programme.

Final Report • 2017-09-29
2003-220-DLD.pdf

Summary

This project greatly contributed to an increased understanding of parasite fauna of yellowtail kingfish in Australian waters.  This baseline information is critical to understanding potential parasite interactions between wild and farmed kingfish.  Our risk assessment enables consideration of parasite species of potential threat to the emerging industry.  We found batch marking hatchery fish with fluorescent dye may be the most practical and inexpensive method to discriminate wild and farmed fish.  We also provide the first data on wild kingfish migrations in Spencer Gulf, demonstrating that there may be heightened interactions between wild and farmed fish in Fitzgerald Bay in summer. 

This project provided training to several researchers, including one PhD student in the area of aquatic animal health and one Honours student in the area of otolith chemistry.  We indicate appropriate methods to enable better management practices in the kingfish industry which will help improve the viability of kingfish aquaculture in Australia in the future.

Keywords: Seriola, aquaculture, parasites, otolith chemistry, conventional tagging programme.

Final Report • 2017-09-29
2003-220-DLD.pdf

Summary

This project greatly contributed to an increased understanding of parasite fauna of yellowtail kingfish in Australian waters.  This baseline information is critical to understanding potential parasite interactions between wild and farmed kingfish.  Our risk assessment enables consideration of parasite species of potential threat to the emerging industry.  We found batch marking hatchery fish with fluorescent dye may be the most practical and inexpensive method to discriminate wild and farmed fish.  We also provide the first data on wild kingfish migrations in Spencer Gulf, demonstrating that there may be heightened interactions between wild and farmed fish in Fitzgerald Bay in summer. 

This project provided training to several researchers, including one PhD student in the area of aquatic animal health and one Honours student in the area of otolith chemistry.  We indicate appropriate methods to enable better management practices in the kingfish industry which will help improve the viability of kingfish aquaculture in Australia in the future.

Keywords: Seriola, aquaculture, parasites, otolith chemistry, conventional tagging programme.

Final Report • 2017-09-29
2003-220-DLD.pdf

Summary

This project greatly contributed to an increased understanding of parasite fauna of yellowtail kingfish in Australian waters.  This baseline information is critical to understanding potential parasite interactions between wild and farmed kingfish.  Our risk assessment enables consideration of parasite species of potential threat to the emerging industry.  We found batch marking hatchery fish with fluorescent dye may be the most practical and inexpensive method to discriminate wild and farmed fish.  We also provide the first data on wild kingfish migrations in Spencer Gulf, demonstrating that there may be heightened interactions between wild and farmed fish in Fitzgerald Bay in summer. 

This project provided training to several researchers, including one PhD student in the area of aquatic animal health and one Honours student in the area of otolith chemistry.  We indicate appropriate methods to enable better management practices in the kingfish industry which will help improve the viability of kingfish aquaculture in Australia in the future.

Keywords: Seriola, aquaculture, parasites, otolith chemistry, conventional tagging programme.

Final Report • 2017-09-29
2003-220-DLD.pdf

Summary

This project greatly contributed to an increased understanding of parasite fauna of yellowtail kingfish in Australian waters.  This baseline information is critical to understanding potential parasite interactions between wild and farmed kingfish.  Our risk assessment enables consideration of parasite species of potential threat to the emerging industry.  We found batch marking hatchery fish with fluorescent dye may be the most practical and inexpensive method to discriminate wild and farmed fish.  We also provide the first data on wild kingfish migrations in Spencer Gulf, demonstrating that there may be heightened interactions between wild and farmed fish in Fitzgerald Bay in summer. 

This project provided training to several researchers, including one PhD student in the area of aquatic animal health and one Honours student in the area of otolith chemistry.  We indicate appropriate methods to enable better management practices in the kingfish industry which will help improve the viability of kingfish aquaculture in Australia in the future.

Keywords: Seriola, aquaculture, parasites, otolith chemistry, conventional tagging programme.

Final Report • 2017-09-29
2003-220-DLD.pdf

Summary

This project greatly contributed to an increased understanding of parasite fauna of yellowtail kingfish in Australian waters.  This baseline information is critical to understanding potential parasite interactions between wild and farmed kingfish.  Our risk assessment enables consideration of parasite species of potential threat to the emerging industry.  We found batch marking hatchery fish with fluorescent dye may be the most practical and inexpensive method to discriminate wild and farmed fish.  We also provide the first data on wild kingfish migrations in Spencer Gulf, demonstrating that there may be heightened interactions between wild and farmed fish in Fitzgerald Bay in summer. 

This project provided training to several researchers, including one PhD student in the area of aquatic animal health and one Honours student in the area of otolith chemistry.  We indicate appropriate methods to enable better management practices in the kingfish industry which will help improve the viability of kingfish aquaculture in Australia in the future.

Keywords: Seriola, aquaculture, parasites, otolith chemistry, conventional tagging programme.

Final Report • 2017-09-29
2003-220-DLD.pdf

Summary

This project greatly contributed to an increased understanding of parasite fauna of yellowtail kingfish in Australian waters.  This baseline information is critical to understanding potential parasite interactions between wild and farmed kingfish.  Our risk assessment enables consideration of parasite species of potential threat to the emerging industry.  We found batch marking hatchery fish with fluorescent dye may be the most practical and inexpensive method to discriminate wild and farmed fish.  We also provide the first data on wild kingfish migrations in Spencer Gulf, demonstrating that there may be heightened interactions between wild and farmed fish in Fitzgerald Bay in summer. 

This project provided training to several researchers, including one PhD student in the area of aquatic animal health and one Honours student in the area of otolith chemistry.  We indicate appropriate methods to enable better management practices in the kingfish industry which will help improve the viability of kingfish aquaculture in Australia in the future.

Keywords: Seriola, aquaculture, parasites, otolith chemistry, conventional tagging programme.

Final Report • 2017-09-29
2003-220-DLD.pdf

Summary

This project greatly contributed to an increased understanding of parasite fauna of yellowtail kingfish in Australian waters.  This baseline information is critical to understanding potential parasite interactions between wild and farmed kingfish.  Our risk assessment enables consideration of parasite species of potential threat to the emerging industry.  We found batch marking hatchery fish with fluorescent dye may be the most practical and inexpensive method to discriminate wild and farmed fish.  We also provide the first data on wild kingfish migrations in Spencer Gulf, demonstrating that there may be heightened interactions between wild and farmed fish in Fitzgerald Bay in summer. 

This project provided training to several researchers, including one PhD student in the area of aquatic animal health and one Honours student in the area of otolith chemistry.  We indicate appropriate methods to enable better management practices in the kingfish industry which will help improve the viability of kingfish aquaculture in Australia in the future.

Keywords: Seriola, aquaculture, parasites, otolith chemistry, conventional tagging programme.

Final Report • 2017-09-29
2003-220-DLD.pdf

Summary

This project greatly contributed to an increased understanding of parasite fauna of yellowtail kingfish in Australian waters.  This baseline information is critical to understanding potential parasite interactions between wild and farmed kingfish.  Our risk assessment enables consideration of parasite species of potential threat to the emerging industry.  We found batch marking hatchery fish with fluorescent dye may be the most practical and inexpensive method to discriminate wild and farmed fish.  We also provide the first data on wild kingfish migrations in Spencer Gulf, demonstrating that there may be heightened interactions between wild and farmed fish in Fitzgerald Bay in summer. 

This project provided training to several researchers, including one PhD student in the area of aquatic animal health and one Honours student in the area of otolith chemistry.  We indicate appropriate methods to enable better management practices in the kingfish industry which will help improve the viability of kingfish aquaculture in Australia in the future.

Keywords: Seriola, aquaculture, parasites, otolith chemistry, conventional tagging programme.

Final Report • 2017-09-29
2003-220-DLD.pdf

Summary

This project greatly contributed to an increased understanding of parasite fauna of yellowtail kingfish in Australian waters.  This baseline information is critical to understanding potential parasite interactions between wild and farmed kingfish.  Our risk assessment enables consideration of parasite species of potential threat to the emerging industry.  We found batch marking hatchery fish with fluorescent dye may be the most practical and inexpensive method to discriminate wild and farmed fish.  We also provide the first data on wild kingfish migrations in Spencer Gulf, demonstrating that there may be heightened interactions between wild and farmed fish in Fitzgerald Bay in summer. 

This project provided training to several researchers, including one PhD student in the area of aquatic animal health and one Honours student in the area of otolith chemistry.  We indicate appropriate methods to enable better management practices in the kingfish industry which will help improve the viability of kingfish aquaculture in Australia in the future.

Keywords: Seriola, aquaculture, parasites, otolith chemistry, conventional tagging programme.

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