Tasmanian Atlantic Salmon Research, Development and Extension Management
The Tasmanian salmon farming industry has undergone exceptional production and profitability gains in its short history and has ambitious targets for the future. A report commissioned in 2015 indicated an annual Industry gross output of $1.12 billion and the direct employment of almost 2800 full time positions. Projecting forward, the Industry is confident of turning over $2 billion by 2030, with clear implications for continued jobs growth and economic impacts within Tasmania. To achieve this, and to strengthen linkages with Government, the Tasmanian community and myriad stakeholders, ongoing proactive and reactive research is vital. This point is particularly salient given the present need to diversify the research portfolio to address potential constraints to industry growth. For example, spatial limitations on the expansion of grow-out operations in sheltered waters have resulted in new research and development approaches to investigate and trial offshore farming operations. Expanding the scope of the research and development program in such a manner is replete with complexities requiring significant input and coordination by the TSGA.
The portfolio of research funded between the FRDC and TSGA is significant, with around $4m of combined funding available each year – an amount steadily growing as Industry GVP grows. There is a need for both the FRDC and TSGA to have the capacity to actively manage this research portfolio, understand the current and future opportunities requiring research, development and extension (RD&E), and to communicate outputs to all stakeholders. Previously, these tasks were largely undertaken by the former TSGA CEO and, at times consultants were hired on an ad hoc basis. Given industry expansion however, there is a pressing need for a permanent role dedicated to addressing and coordinating the management needs of a RD&E portfolio that is growing in size, scope and complexity.
Understanding and mapping the Tasmanian public perception to Atlantic Salmon farming
Development of sector-specific Biosecurity Blueprint for the Tasmanian farmed salmonid industry
Atlantic Salmon Aquaculture Subprogram: ecological effects due to contamination of sediments with copper-based antifoulants - phase 2
As stated in the application for Phase 1, the Tasmanian salmonid industry is absolutely reliant on fishnet antifoulants to; maximise the flow of water through pens to maintain optimal conditions for its fish, and, as a net stiffener forming a fundamental part of the pen seal defences. Without antifoulants seals would attack the pens incessantly and farms would not have the resources to treat fish for gill amoeba and change nets every fortnight to remove fouling during summer.
The TSGA has been involved in a programme with DEWHA, APVMA, DPIPWE(Tas) seeking to provide the necessary information to register antifoulants for use on nets employed on fish farms. The APVMA have agreed to re-issue a trial “research” permit to allow for the use of antifouling paints that have copper oxide as their sole active ingredient and which will assess the environmental sustainability of its use on fish farms.
The present allocation of paint is totally reliant on the extension of a research permit and as such provides no medium or long term assurance for the use of antifoulants, without which the industry would face collapse. Further, beyond August 2009 there is no guarantee of any antifoulant without registration. A further extension of the present permit is possible subject to the appropriate research and monitoring being undertaken during the extension, this research being essentially an extension of the work carried out under FRDC project DO004 (Phase 1).
Estimating sediment copper bioavailability requires a stepwise analytical approach as recommended by the CECR in the Phase 1 project and herein, which aims to provide that data required by the APVMA in a timely fashion both for industry’s 08/09 needs and for registration within the next year.
Final report
People development program: 2011 FRDC International travel bursaries - Dr Adam Main
The primary activity to be supported by this grant is attendance at the Aqua Nor Forum, held 16 - 19 August 2011 Trondheim Norway.
Aqua Nor has been an important international venue for the aquaculture industry for over 30 years. Attendees are introduced to aquaculture related products, services and research and development projects of relevance to the industry. All the major aquaculture countries are represented by exhibitors, visitors or delegations.
With your support, this opportunity will provide me with exposure to alternate methodologies, differing business models and a range of problems and solutions that I may not encounter if my focus is directed solely within Tasmania.
I believe that the knowledge that I will gain from attending the Forum in Norway, from talking with other companies, industry associations, and research providers, will enable me to assist the salmon and trout growing industry in Tasmania achieve future sustainable growth in line with its industry strategy.
Tactical Response Fund: Salmon Aquaculture Subprogram: ecological effects due to contamination of sediments with copper-based antifoulants
Development of a stock protection system for flexible oceanic pens containing finfish
In the financial year 1997/98 all Tasmanian fin fish farms experienced increased levels of seal interaction resulting in tangible losses of around $1.5 million. 164 seals were trapped and relocated in 1996/97 compared with 37 the year before and 10 when this form of management was first introduced. In response to the increase in interactions, the industry spent an estimated $ 1 million on upgrading predator nets over the last financial year. Licensed shooting, trapping and relocation of seals have been used by the industry, in conjunction with the Department of Environment and Land Management, in previous years, but these methods are not considered to be either acceptable (because of risk of spreading disease, animal ethics concerns and fishery management issues), or cost effective.
The Tasmanian Atlantic Salmon industry is set to expand substantially in the short to medium term, with production projected to double within 5 years. With this expansion, new areas, both near shore and off shore will be developed for marine farming. Seal predation will be at least, if not more significant in these areas. The development of some aquaculture projects in other states, notably Western Australia, has been postponed due to perceived potential problems with seals, and the inadequacies in current stock protection systems.
The Southern Bluefin Tuna farming industry in South Australia, while relatively new already suffers large losses due to predation by sharks and seals. Losses due to predation by sharks and seals have a substantial impact on the industry, with annual direct losses estimated at $1.2 million and growing rapidly. Existing predator deterrent methods have not proven to be effective for the farming or towing conditions experienced by the industry. This project will contribute directly to the tuna industry by providing reviews of predator systems and designs of new nets to restrict predators affects on farms.
Final report
This Project was funded by the Fisheries Research & Development Corporation(FRDC) for the “Development of a Stock Protection System for Flexible Oceanic Pens Containing Finfish“. The Project has been developed in conjunction with the Tasmanian Salmonid Growers Association(TSGA) & the Tuna Boat Owners Association(TBOA).
Both salmon and tuna farmers have a particular problem with seal predation. Seal predation leads to loss of valuable stock and possibly expensive repairs. In the past, before net strength was increased, seal damage to salmon nets had resulted in larger numbers of farmed salmon escaping. Anecdotal evidence suggests seals indirectly cause a decrease in the growth rate through a reduction in feeding, although it must be pointed out that fish do habituate to the presence of divers in the pens and thus possibly seals outside. Similarly, the farmed fish appear untroubled by the presence of seals hunting wild fish in the area (3 observations to date within this project term). Seals are one of the chief problems facing salmon growers in Tasmania., along with jellyfish, diseases(such as gill amoeba), fouling of lease sites, and high water temperatures. The latter are a problem in summer and seals mainly in winter.
According to reference, D Pemberton and P.D. Shaughnessy, Interaction between seals and Marine Fish-Farms in Tasmania, both the Australian Fur Seal and the Leopard Seal are found in the waters of the Tasmanian salmon industry, though the New Zealand Fur Seal is known to be migrating to Tasmanian waters. The Southern Elephant Seal is also present in Tasmanian waters. In the waters of the tuna industry of Port Lincoln, the predominant seals are the Australian Sealion and the New Zealand Fur Seal.
Shark interaction with salmon farmers has occurred when pens have been towed across Storm Bay and when the pens have been moored on site by typically Blue Whaler and “doggie” sharks respectively. The incidences of shark interaction when towing is typically a summer occurrence where Blue Whaler sharks are attracted to the morts in the pen. The Huon River is a known “doggie” shark nursery and doggie shark interaction can be substantial in some seasons, though it is always dependent upon the number of morts left in the pens. This is a typical issue which can be rectified by efficient management practises. The above is taken from interviews with salmon farmers. The interaction between sharks & tuna farmers has been documented in the Marine Animal Interaction Working Group Workshop, 25-26 May 1998, Primary Industry & Resources SA, Fisheries and Aquaculture. This reference states that the nature and extent of shark interactions is detailed insufficiently.
In addition to predation from the water, fish farmers also face predation from birds. The cormorant is known to predate on commercially raised salmon, attempting to reach the salmon by aerial attacks, and many(up to 600 in 1999), are shot as a result. Silver Gulls also pose a problem for “smaller” salmon. Predation of tuna by birds is a non issue as the tuna are a much “larger” fish; the concern is more that the birds are accessing the feed stock prior to the tuna feeding. The vast numbers of gulls which feed both at tip sites and on farms pose a risk of disease transmission for both industries Management practises to reduce gull interactions are widely used and can be very effective
Flexible Oceanic Pens are the foundation of fish farm cage systems in Australia due to their robustness in inshore waters, their relative inexpensive capital cost, and their ability to be easily transported whilst stocked. This project was initiated due to the ever increasing predation problem on farmed salmon and tuna in Australia on Flexible Oceanic Pens.
The project concluded that there is no simplistic solution to the predation problem; rather a concerted multi-faceted effort should be undertaken across both the salmon and tuna industries.
Keywords: Aquaculture, Anti-predation, Predation, Seals, Birds.