People Development Program: Aquatic animal health training scheme - Tim Lucas.
Aquatic Animal Health Subprogram: development of diagnostics tests for the detection of nodavirus
Validate a sensitive and specific Nested RT-PCR test.
- There is a need to ensure the Nested RT-PCR test developed at OVL will detect the range of endemic nodaviruses from a variety of finfish species. It is also important to ensure the test will detect exotic nodavirus isolates for use in the event of an exotic nodavirus incursion.
- Standardisation of reagents and sample collection and preservation protocols will enable consistency of test methods between laboratories.
- A test is required to screen broodstock samples to eliminate nodavirus-positive carrier fish from production facilities. Due to the small sample sizes obtainable, the Nested RT-PCR test is the best test option.
Establishment of a cell line.
- Cell culture is considered the gold standard for virus detection. The cell culture will enable cost-effective screening of larvae for sale or release and to develop management procedures.
- Cell culture is more tolerant to sample degradation than other detection methods and allows testing of material that is unsuitable for use in other tests.
- The vast majority of cell lines currently available have been produced from temperate species. Availability of cell lines, from tropical fish species, is required.
Immunodiagnostics
- FAT tests can confirm the identity of viruses isolated in cell culture during diagnostic or surveillance activities. Their use is critical for the identification of viruses.
- Immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence is a sensitive and specific test that can be used on fixed material. It is not always possible to obtain fresh samples and confirmation of nodavirus in tissue sections can be required. Immunohistochemistry is also a tool to identify the tissues targeted by nodavirus.
Final report
Aquatic Animal Health Subprogram: the production of nodavirus-free fish fry and the nodaviruses natural distribution
Nodavirus in wild barramundi populations
* There is a need to address concerns about the effect of stocking hatchery-reared barramundi on the level of unapparent nodavirus infections (that is, the prevalence) in wild barramundi.
* The first step is to determine the prevalence of nodavirus in wild populations of barramundi (that is to say the natural level of nodavirus-carrier status – an infection without disease).
* The baseline nodavirus prevalence data will permit:
- comparison of barramundi populations in areas where stocking has or has not occurred,
- assessment of changes in prevalence of nodavirus in future years,
- effective decisions about appropriate sources of replacement broodstock for breeding programs.
Nodavirus in freshwater fishes
* There is a need to address concerns about the risk of possible lethal transmission of barramundi nodavirus to freshwater fishes.
* Recent investigations have shown a possible susceptibility of freshwater fishes to barramundi nodavirus and that nodaviruses naturally occur in species other than barramundi in Australia, including the freshwater species, sleepy cod.
* There is a need to determine if there are nodaviruses in freshwater fishes as a risk analysis for translocation should include disease-status information in the receiving population.
Are the nodaviruses found in freshwater fishes related to barramundi nodavirus?
* If nodaviruses are detected in freshwater fish an analysis of relatedness (sequence analysis of PCR products) could indicate an association to previous stocking in that area of hatchery-reared barramundi. This information would support effective risk analysis for future translocation considerations.
A testing protocol for hatchery production of nodavirus-free fish fry.
* Broodstock screening protocols to identify nodavirus-free broodstock have been described from overseas but the detection tests used then are not as sensitive as the two-step or nested RT-PCR, and the protocols include a requirement for egg/water disinfection and repeat testing of larvae.
* There is a need to evaluate and validate the sensitivity of the two-step or nested RT-PCR to identify nodavirus-free broodstock and to determine if one or more tests are required to confirm the nodavirus-free status.
* There is a need to confirm in barramundi that larvae/fry become infected by nodavirus through the vertical transmission route (ie., from their parent(s)).
* There is a need to determine if fry can become infected via nodavirus-contaminated water once they are stocked into nursery systems.
* If the vertical infection route is the same for all fish species, the information on the testing protocol required to produce nodavirus-free barramundi fry will be a model testing protocol applicable to all fish species in breeding programs in Australia.
Final report
Aquatic Animal Health Subprogram: Investigation of an emerging bacterial disease in wild Queensland gropers, marine fish and stingrays with production of diagnostic tools to reduce the spread of disease to other states of Australia
Streptococcus agalactiae is an emerging disease in Australian fish. A challenge model in Qld groper is required to understand the pathogenesis and mode of transmission of S. agalactiae. This information is critical to determine how to manage the spread of disease and identify likely sources of infection. Information generated from this trial will be useful for finfish farmers and marine aquaria to minimise chances of infection, and for state government veterinarians to develop future biosecurity plans for control and eradication of the disease.
There are no diagnostic tests available in Australia to detect S. agalactiae in fish other than bacteriology that takes up to a week for results. Development of rapid and accurate diagnostic tools including Gold standard PCR and in situ hybridisation for S. agalactiae are urgently needed by State and private Veterinary Laboratories to enable rapid diagnosis of S. agalactiae in marine fish and elasmobranchs. Availability of these tools will have flow-on benefits for all States of Australia, allowing increased aquatic animal disease detection and will enhance current and future State surveillance and monitoring of Streptococcosis in fish. Current disease surveillance of fish at aquaculture sites within the GBRMP will be enhanced by the availability of more accurate and rapid diagnostic tools.
Different strains of S. agalactiae have been isolated from Qld gropers, wild marine fish and stingrays in north Queensland by QPIF. There is a need for the development of molecular typing tests to accurately identify different strains of S.agalactiae in order to determine origin (native or exotic) and routes of dissemination of infection, thus enabling AQIS to make informed decisions in relation to the importation of fish. Moreover, commercial vaccine companies can produce effective autogenous vaccines to protect at-risk populations of fish and elasmobranchs, benefiting commercial aquariums, marine aquaculture and research facilities by protecting valuable stock.
Final report
The project demonstrated that S. agalactiae is highly pathogenic to juvenile Queensland grouper, E. lanceolatus and can be spread via infected water, infected food, by injection, or by cohabitation (of S. agalactiae-infected fish with non-infected fish).
This project produced rapid, reliable and accurate diagnostic tools, including PCR and an Immuno-histochemistry (IHC) method to specifically detect S. agalactiae in fish, thus increasing the States’, Territories’, and Australia’s capability for disease testing, surveillance, monitoring and reporting.
Molecular studies showed the S. agalactiae isolates from Queensland grouper were genetically distinct from human, cow, dog, cat or crocodile strains. Molecular studies further showed the Queensland grouper S. agalactiae isolates were most closely related to the grunter, mullet, catfish and stingray strains isolated from north Queensland. All North Queensland fish isolates belonged to strain type ST-261. Importantly, this sequence type has not been associated with human infection anywhere in the world and is substantially different from all terrestrial isolates of GBS.
Knowledge gained from this project will assist in developing biosecurity, health and disease management plans and programs relating to disease control for S. agalactiae in aquaculture facilities, commercial marine aquaria and live reef fish holding facilities. The project has resulted in outcomes that support consumer confidence in the safety of Australian seafood as the S. agalactiae isolates from fish are genetically different from those isolated from mammals and have never caused disease in terrestrial animals to date. Outcomes of this project have assisted in protecting recreational fisheries, through improved knowledge on prevalence and distribution of S. agalactiae within fish species of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park in Northern Australia.
People development program: Aquatic animal health training scheme-Fish disease diagnosis, biosecurity and disease management training for fish farming industry of Australia
Training is needed, for fish farmers, technicians & veterinarians in all Australian States, for increased vigilance with respect to early disease detection, diagnosis, control and eradication of newly emerging endemic and exotic fish diseases. Northern States of Australia (NT, Qld) are at greatest risk for disease incursions, via the vast expanse of the States & Territories, remoteness of farms, illegal trade of fish, fish products, shipping movements (over 13 ports in Qld), people movement and the proximity of northern Australia to Indonesia, PNG and Asia. Early fish disease detection and eradication is necessary to protect the Biosecurity of the Australian Fish Farming industry, and prevent disease spread within and between States.
The continued annual growth of the barramundi & freshwater fish industries in all Australian States precipitates the need for farmer training for disease detection at the grass-roots level for farm workers to detect, control and treat fish disease, and thereby reducing disease risk to aquaculture enterprises and fisheries resources.
A specific training workshop is needed to train fish farmers, technicians, fisheries officers, vets, with hands-on, practical, technical skills & knowledge by Aquatic Animal health Professionals, so skills can be practically applied on farms during disease epizootics, investigations, and disease emergencies. This is needed to support continued growth, productivity, & sustainability of the Australian Fish farming Industry, disease being a limiting factor. This Workshop is needed to support on-going disease reporting activities by all States to DAFF, OIE and NACA, allowing continuation of Australian trade in fish and disease-free status.