Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).

Yeilowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi, is the main closed cycle flnfish cultured in South Australia (SA) and this industry has great potential to expand in other states of Australia. One of the major inefficiencies identified by industry was feeds and feed management in Yellowtail Kingfish production. Henceforth, the newly formed CST Research Management Advisory Group (RMAG) identified improving feed conversion ratios (FCR) in Yellowtail Kingfish operations as an urgent priority. The production efficiency of Yellowtail Kingfish by CST has been hindered by the poor understanding of feeding strategies, sea cage biomass determination, growth performance and nutrient requirements of Yellowtail Kingfish at different life stages and water temperatures. It was also apparent that in order for CST to gain market acceptance for their Yellowtail Kingfish products on a global basis, the issue of sustainable use of marine ingredients, such as fish meal and fish oil, for the production of Yellowtail Kingfish needed to be addressed. In order to address the issue of sustainability detailed changes to current dietary formulations for Yellowtail Kingfish, which contained high levels of fish meal and fish oil, had to be made. Species specific information regarding nutrient availability, growth performance, fish health and maximum dietary inclusion levels of alternative sustainable ingredients for Yellowtail Kingfish cultured at fluctuating water temperatures were required to make these changes. Overall, the outcomes that should arise from the commercialisation of research outputs from this project will be an improved feed management system contributing to a reduction in FCRs from above 2:1 to 1.7:1, and revised and more sustainable Yellowtail Kingfish diet formulations (i.e. 25-30% lower proportions of marine based proteins and lipids).