Aquatic Animal Health Subprogram: whirling disease a disease strategy manual
Aquatic Animal Health Subprogram: the Neptune Project- a comprehensive database of Australian aquatic animal pathogens and diseases
The Neptune project was conceived to add significant value to existing investments in aquatic animal health by building a platform for capturing and sharing information on aquatic animal pathogens and diseases. The project was initially funded through NCRIS; however, that funding has now expired and additional work is required to ensure Neptune fully addresses the needs that it was intended to address. Those needs include:
1. Ensuring the outputs of Australia’s aquatic animal disease professionals are disseminated to achieve greatest effect.
2. Effectively connecting aquatic animal health professionals from government, universities, museums, diagnostic laboratories and industry.
3. Addressing geographic separation of professionals by enabling remote collaboration within the sector and with other sectors.
4. Enable aquatic animal health biosecurity investments to impact fully by making data and resource outputs more broadly accessible.
5. Improving availability of high quality information and resources for many of Australia’s most important aquatic animal diseases.
6. Providing access to readily available and aggregated distribution data through a platform capable of hosting and displaying such information.
7. Ensuring access to technology that can better capture and share physical specimens such as histological slides. These remain a key tool for aquatic animal pathologists and researchers but are not easily duplicated or shared.
8. There are currently insufficient opportunities for aquatic animal health training in Australia. Neptune will provide synergies for other FRDC training investments such as the Aquatic Animal Health Training Scheme.
9. There are currently no integrated resources to store and provide access to training material for aquatic animal health professionals.
10. Many of Australia’s aquatic animal health pathologists have retired recently or are due to retire in the near future. There is a need to ensure the data and collections of these aquatic animal health professionals are captured and shared more broadly.
Final report
Aquatic animal health experts from the Queensland Museum (QM) have been completing work on a parasite and disease database called Neptune. Work on Neptune has taken place at QM in Brisbane since May 2013, resulting in the completion of major improvements to the database. These will allow Neptune to become Australia’s most comprehensive online resource on aquatic animal health. Improvements were carried out in conjunction with IT staff from three different organisations: the Australian Biosecurity Intelligence Network (ABIN), which was based in Canberra until September 2013; Edith Cowan University (ECU), which is based in Perth; and Pixcelldata, which is based in Ireland and runs digital pathology software. The database was hosted by ABIN until September 2013, when ownership passed to ECU. This project was funded by the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (FRDC) and the Australian Department of Agriculture (DA), with contributions from QM.
Aquatic Animal Health Subprogram: detection and management of yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) health issues
A Yellowtail Kingfish Aquaculture Industry R&D Committee has been established which includes representatives of industry, State and Commonwealth Governments and the scientific community. The Committee has recognised disease management and disease risk identification as high priorities in a 2003-2008 draft Strategic R&D Plan, presently under development. These are in line with the research and development priorities for aquaculture identified by the South Australian Fisheries Research Advisory Board. Targeted priorities that this project will address within industrial development include, fish health, farm husbandry, and public perception. With regard to natural resource sustainability, this project will help in environmental protection and will contribute to the development of best environmental practices.
Prevention is the best and most cost-effective strategy for managing disease. Furthermore, Australia’s lack of vaccine and drug availability to aquaculture makes other forms of prevention the only viable option for Australia. There are four requirements that must be addressed in order to have an effective preventive program. First, one must be able to anticipate the problems one may face. A preliminary assessment of the risks of disease development and amplification is an important first step. Second, the knowledge of accurate identification of clinical symptoms and pathology by trained farm staff allows a mechanism for early detection and categorization of potential fish health problems. Third, the mechanism is an ongoing system of vigilant observation and recording in the form of action-based detection of emerging changes. Finally, one must identify actions that should be taken in response to laboratory and disease-related findings.
Before recommending the best disease management practices, one must first inventory the industry needs and identify the gaps in knowledge and infrastructure that limit capacity to achieve disease control objectives.
Final report
Since 1999, the kingfish (YTK, Seriola lalandi) aquaculture industry has been a significant investor in South Australia’s regional economy. Currently, the annual YTK production is 2,000 tonnes and is anticipated to approach 7,000 tonnes by 2008 with a retail value of $55 million. The industry provides both direct and indirect jobs for up to 1050 workers in regional communities. Although still in its infancy, this aquaculture industry has been a major success story in the expansion of the Australian seafood and food-animal industries, and there is tremendous potential for the continued development of a sustainable and economically successful Australian finfish aquaculture industry. However, international experience has shown that one of the most pervasive and persistent limits to the growth and viability of a new finfish sector is disease. To date, the YTK industry of South Australia has enjoyed limited losses due to disease, nevertheless, anticipating, preventing and dealing with future diseases is a priority of industry, government and researchers. Consequently, disease identification, risk analysis and health management were deemed key approaches for this FRDC project.
The literature review, risk analysis, guidelines to management and photographic pathology book have stimulated a much greater awareness of potential and future needs, opportunities and safeguards for the YTK aquaculture industry of South Australia for PIRSA, researchers and diagnostic service personnel. This project may form the basis for (or at least stimulate) further applied R&D and the development of tools to control diseases. The development of best management practices, integrated health management procedures, disease surveillance programs or amendments to current fish health regulations may also arise, provided industry and government bodies work as partners with mutual intentions.
Keywords: aquaculture, yellowtail, kingfish, Seriola lalandi, disease, fish health, risk analysis.