SCRC: SCRC RTG: Dr Barbara Nowak "Research exchange to the University of Edinburgh and the University of Stirling"
Final report
The purpose of this travel grant was to conduct collaborative research to:
- Investigate gene expression in early amoebic gill disease (AGD), including gene expression in different cell types to investigate AGD pathogenesis using metabonomics and assess further applications of metabonomics to fish health research
- Compare Neoparamoeba perurans strains in Scotland and Tasmania
- Develop collaborations with various UK academic staff from multiple institutions around the UK such as Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Stirling University, the University of Edinburgh, and Imperial College London.
This travel grant allowed the author to visit three salmon farms in Scotland – two Marine Harvest sites and one Scottish Salmon farm. A number of salmon were examined; however none of the farms had AGD outbreaks at the time of the visit. Collaboration was established with Marine Harvest to ensure availability of infected material from future AGD outbreaks.
The author visited Dr Jeremy Griffin at Cambridge University and Dr Jake Bundy at Imperial College London to discuss preliminary results for metabonomics from AGD infected salmon. These meetings were very fruitful, provided a lot of technical information and will most likely result in long term collaboration with Dr Jake Bundy. Preliminary results suggest that AGD infected fish can be differentiated from controls on the basis of their metabolite profile, at least in the later stages of the disease.
Future collaboration in the area of the use of immunostimulants in aquaculture was established with Dr Chris Gould and Dr Patrick Smith from Intervet Schering Plough and Prof Sandra Adams and Dr Kim Thompson from Stirling University. Dr Patrick Smith is following up similar testing of novel immunostimulants developed by University College Hospital Medical School in London. Collaboration was established with French researchers (Dr Philippe Sourd's group) investigating health of farmed Sea Bream and Sea Bass, AGD was diagnosed in some of their fish and this research was a joint presentation at EAFP conference and a publication.
Tactical Research Fund: A review of the ecological impacts of selected antibiotics and antifoulants currently used in the Tasmanian salmonid farming industry and development of a research programme to evaluate the environmental impact of selected treatments.
The Tasmanian salmonid industry has recently been faced with several significant production issues necessitating increased use of antibiotics and antifoulants. The effects of these chemicals on the local ecology and ecosystem function are currently poorly understood and without evidence to the contrary, it is difficult for the industry to refute the perception that such chemicals have a detrimental effect on the environment.
There is a large body of literature regarding the effects of antibiotics, however the information pertaining to aquaculture is limited. Improvements in husbandry and vaccine development have now all but eliminated the use of antibiotics in aquaculture overseas, consequently there have been few recent aquaculture specific studies, with even fewer studies on ecosystem effects, the available information largely focussing on environmental persistence and antibiotic resistance. However, there is quite a lot of information in the terrestrial livestock and medical areas on the comparative effects of various antibiotics as well as quite a substantial ecotoxicological literature. In contrast there is a substantial local literature on the environmental impacts of antifoulants and heavy metals. There is a need for a targeted review to establish environmental risk factors associated with current antibiotic and antifoulant usage and to develop an appropriate strategy to research and monitor ongoing impacts.
Some data on sediment residue levels for both antibiotics and antifoulants has been collected by the salmon industry in compliance with drug/chemical licensing permit conditions authorities and by the state government in response to concerns regarding antibiotic usage. So far this data has not been collated and has only been subjected to preliminary analysis; a comprehensive evaluation of this data would markedly improve our understanding of current impacts and help to determine what additional information may be required.