Seafood CRC: future harvest theme leadership
Seventh International Conference and Workshop on Lobster Biology and Management
In 1999/2000 the estimated value of Australia’s rock lobster industry was $544 million and this represented 23% of the landed value of all Australian fisheries.
As Australia’s premier fisheries export there is a need to ensure that our lobster fisheries are managed sustainably and that they clearly demonstrate to the world that our research and management is ‘state-of-the-art’ and ‘worlds best practice’. By hosting this conference in Australia, it will enable the maximum number of fishery scientists, managers and industry representatives to attend and meet with scientists, managers and fishers associated with lobster fisheries around the world.
An area of particular interest to Australia includes lobster ecosystem models and assessment. There is a need in all of Australia’s lobster fisheries to address ecosystem issues for both Environment Australia and forthcoming ecological sustainable development requirements. In association with these requirements there is a need for Australia’s premier fisheries export industry to obtain and maintain industry accreditation for current and developing markets. Several Australian States, with the support of the FRDC Rock Lobster and Aquaculture Subprogram are investigating the potential for a rock lobster aquaculture industry. To aid this development there is a need to be abreast of the latest developments around the world.
The conference will also provide an opportunity to hear of the application of new technology and to form partnerships with experts pioneering new developments.
Final report
Rock Lobster Post Harvest Subprogram: optimising water quality in rock lobster post-harvest processes
There are concerns that poor water quality may be having an affect on the health of post-capture rock lobsters. This project addresses this in three ways:
1. Determining the optimal level of ammonia in holding and transport systems. This will contribute to the understanding of optimal system design.
2. Understanding the mechanism of ammonia toxicity. This will enable industry to develop methods to counteract the harmful effects.
3. Providing information to the rock lobster industry in the appropriate form to ensure uptake of the results of research on optimising water quality, specifically in the area of oxygen and ammonia.
Final report
Rock lobsters can be exposed to poor water quality during all stages of handling and holding prior to going to market. Poor water quality reduces the time a lobster can be held alive and how many animals can be held in a system and thus may reduce profit. The quality of water can be assessed using many different measurements, with two of the most important being oxygen and ammonia (a form of nitrogen). An earlier FRDC funded study investigated oxygen and how it influenced the holding of rock lobsters. However, prior to the current study there was very limited understanding of the harmful effects of ammonia to rock lobsters. Ammonia can accumulate in holding and transport facilities via natural release of ammonia from lobsters, and from the bacterial decomposition of faeces, excess feed, and dead animals. Ammonia can be harmful to crustaceans in small amounts (or low concentrations) and even fatal if concentrations get too high. The toxicity of ammonia to aquatic animals becomes greater when other factors such as low dissolved oxygen, low salinity, and/or low pH (acidity of the water) also interact. In liquids, total ammonia comprises un-ionised ammonia (NH3), which is the more toxic component, and ionised ammonia (NH4 +; ammonium) in equilibrium. Lobsters can become stressed (having a higher demand upon their biological systems) during holding and handling but it is uncertain what effect this stress has on the ability of lobsters to tolerate ammonia. This project provided a better understanding of the effect of ammonia and other water quality measurements, on the health of stressed and unstressed lobsters.
Rock Lobster Enhancement and Aquaculture Subprogram: advancing the hatchery propagation of rock lobsters
Rock Lobster Enhancement and Aquaculture Subprogram: evaluating the release and survival of juvenile rock lobsters released for enhancement purposes
Enhancement offers a mechanism to increase production of rock lobsters, both by increasing production from coastal reef and by providing a mechanism for biologically neutrality in the harvest of puerulus (and thus overcomes a barrier to ongrowing). Additional benefits include the ability to increase biomass and egg production in regions considered depleted, which enhances resource sustainability.
While the potential benefits of enhancement are broad, the value of the concept is critically affected by the survival of juveniles after release. Low survival would reduce the economic benefit and also nullify assumptions on the biologically neutrality of the harvest of puerulus.
The proposed project addresses the need for information on how to release juveniles (or condition juveniles prior to release) so that survival is optimised. Future release efforts will be assisted by information on habitat choice, so that return from enhancement is maximised, in terms of animals surviving through to harvest size. Large scale experiments tracking the cohorts of released juveniles will evaluate enhancement on a pilot-scale - patterns apparent in small scale experiments may not hold true in larger releases so larger scale experimental releases are considered vital.
Final report
Rock Lobster Enhancement and Aquaculture Subprogram: propagation techniques
Expansion of output from the rock lobster fishery cannot be achieved using traditional fishing methods as most wild stocks are already fully exploited. It is therefore necessary to develop an aquaculture technique that can increase the long term production of rock lobster, in a sustainable manner.
The outcomes of the FRDC workshop (project 98/300) and an earlier Perth workshop sponsored by the DISR, confirmed that culture of puerulus from eggs is biologically feasible and also appears economically viable. Production of puerulus from eggs has been achieved on a small scale in both Japan and NZ. The Japanese are far enough advanced to be considering release of cultured puerulus onto artificial reefs in the next few years. In Tasmania the phyllosoma of the southern rock lobster have been reared through 70% of the larval cycle with good survival (25%).
The priorities for further research were identified as:
· improving larval survival & growth
· improving system design/environmental requirements
· improving nutrition
· reducing the length of the larval phase.
Lower priorities were identified as:
· out of season spawning
· improving gamete quality.
However, as gametes are readily available from wild-caught broodstock, it was considered that these issues could be left for a future project.
The next stage must be to coordinate and expand the research in Australia under one project through the FRDC and CRC, in order to focus our effort on addressing the research priorities that were identified during the workshop.
This project identifies the priorities for the first year of the project and addresses a few issues that need to be determined in order to design a longer term project.