The effect of barramundi Nodavirus on important freshwater fishes
Rock Lobster Post Harvest Subprogram: rock lobster autopsy manual
With the increasing interest of lobster processors to keep lobsters for extended time periods prior to sale, and of the lobster industry in general in lobster aquaculture, there is a need for information on lobster health management. It is well recognised that a range of diseases and conditions occur in wildstock lobsters (Evans & Brock, 1994) and that health management problems are likely to be encountered in enhancement and aquaculture of spiny rock lobsters. In order to prevent disease outbreaks, or effectively deal with such conditions should they occur, reference material is required for use by personnel involved in enhancement and aquaculture programs. At present there is very little published information on health management of spiny rock lobsters held in captivity. A valuable first step to address this need would be the publication of a manual describing the approach to be used to investigate lobster health problems along with photographic material on disease conditions likely to occur in captive lobsters. Such a manual would be used by operators of holding/culture facilities or by fish health personnel involved in disease investigations. An autopsy manual with illustrations of common parasitic and disease conditions found in Australian lobsters would also be of interest to lobster fishers.
One of the conditions most likely to occur in captive lobsters is bacterial infections by opportunistic pathogens, those bacteria which are ubiquitous and only cause disease when the lobster is weak or when a particularly virulent strain of bacteria is encountered. It is well known that crustaceans can harbour bacteria in their body fluids apparently without causing the animal any harm. Whether the presence of bacteria in the hemolymph of lobsters is indicative of the likelihood of disease outbreaks and future stock mortality is not well understood. In addition to publication of a lobster autopsy manual, this project will provide information which will contribute to understanding and managing bacterial infections in captive lobsters. The information will be obtained from bacterial challenge experiments conducted on lobsters held in aquaria in the laboratory. These experiments will also provide descriptive material for inclusion in the lobster autopsy manual.
The techniques and information described in the autopsy manual can be used to investigate possible problems arising from mortalities of unknown causes, as well provide fishers and factory staff with a reference to consult when lobsters with health problems are encountered during fishing and processing. The autopsy manual will be of value to fish pathologists for use in disease diagnosis as well as to fishers, fish processors and researchers.
Evans L.H. & Brock J.A. 1994. Diseases on spiny lobsters. In "Spiny Lobster Management (Ed. B.F. Phillips, J.S. Cobb & J. Kittaka) pp 461-472. Blackwell Scientific Publications.
The autopsy manual will include details of approach to be followed in conducting an autopsy on a lobster, descriptions of assay methodology, normal ranges for selected immune and physiological parameters, expected deviations from normal in lobsters subjected to excessive postharvest stressors, photographs of gross and microscopic lesions and descriptions of pathogens observed in apparently healthy lobsters as well as in moribund lobsters.
Final report
Data and information on lobster host defense responses, disease conditions, dissection procedures and laboratory investigation methods were obtained from the FRDC projects 94/134. 07, 96/344, 96/345 and 98/302 and other sources and collated into a publication on the nature and investigation of lobster diseases. Contributions to the book were sought from lobster researchers and fish health personnel from Australia and New Zealand. Following collation and editorial review, the individual chapters were circulated for review and comment. The publication, titled ‘A review of lobster diseases, their investigation and pre-disposing factors’ was published in 2003 and contains the following chapters:
- Lobster health and disease concepts (Louis Evans)
- Responses to environmental stressors (Louis Evans)
- Lobster autopsy procedure and immune assay methods (Louis Evans, Seema Fotedar and Anne Barnes)
- Collection and handling of blood samples from spiny lobsters (Brian Paterson, Patrick Spanoghe and Glen Davidson)
- Reagents and methodology for immune function tests (Louis Evans & Seema Fotedar)
- Review of adult lobster diseases (Frances Stephens, Louis Evans, Seema Fotedar and Brian Jones)
- Disease conditions of larval and juvenile spiny lobsters (Ben Diggles and Judith Handlinger)
- Biosecurity and food safety issues (Frances Stephens)
Aquafin CRC - Atlantic Salmon Aquaculture Subprogram: development of selective enrichment culture-polymerase chain reaction (SEC-PCR) for the detection of bacterial pathogens in covertly infected farmed salmonid fish
Evaluating the benefits of recreational fishing
Application of molecular genetics to the Australian abalone fisheries: forensic protocols for species identification and blacklip stock structure
The state of molecular genetic technology in abalone is underdeveloped and in need of some basic research to develop molecular protocols that can be applied to various management and compliance issues; microsatellite markers are likely to have the most utility, and other abalone fisheries will benefit from Australian research (Sweijd 1997 - External review FRDC 98/126).
Abalone populations elsewhere in the world have crashed catastrophically. Australian abalone resources are in a relatively good condition, but are under heavy pressure from many external factors, including poaching, that could cause irreversible damage. In addition, some sections of the industry are excited by the potential of translocation or reseeding for stock enhancement, but without fully understanding the genetic variability in a population this represents a high conservation risk. Understanding genetic variation in abalone at both the species and stock level is vital to the long-term sustainability of these valuable fisheries, as well as for genetic conservation.
Compliance is not only a major issue in the draft 1998 review of wild abalone R&D needs in Australia, but is also an international issue. There are currently no forensic tools available in Australia to assist authorities identify abalone products and force compliance.
The application of molecular genetics in this study will provide managers with:
• forensic tests for species identification
• estimation of rates of gene flow between selected locations (i.e. stock identification).
Stock identification is needed not only for managing the commercial and recreational catch, but also for assessing the risks of translocation and reseeding projects, and land-based or sea-based aquaculture industries.
This study will build on a pilot project that developed the basis for an abalone forensic protocol, and will also provide a comprehensive assessment of the use of microsatellite markers for abalone stock identification. These goals are of both national and international interest.
Final report
A coordinated commercial fishing industry approach to the use of marine protected areas
Evaluating the effectiveness of marine protected areas as a fisheries management tool
Sustainable fisheries management through enhanced access rights and resource security - a industry paper for presentation at Fishrights '99
THE NEED IS FOR A REVIEW PAPER (or two smaller papers) WHICH REVIEW LEGAL AND MANAGEMENT BY RIGHTS IN AUSTRALIAN FISHERIES. IT WOULD HAVE TWO PARTS
PART A: LEGAL REVIEW
The legal status of fishery access rights in each state needs clarified as they vary between little or no rights, to statutory rights. The law can supply clarification on the rights held in a licence. It would be useful to describe these issues for all of Australia in a review paper for the FAO Conference.
PART B: REVIEW OF RIGHTS BASED MANAGEMENT IN AUSTRALIAN FISHERIES
There have been no reviews of rights based fishery management in Australia of late. Industry often see enhanced access rights as being a security issue, with sustainable considerations following behind. Alternatively government and community groups see sustainability as the paramount concern, not sufficiently recognising industry security.
The fishing industry need a review of alternative rights based fishing systems which may accommodate their desires to be more autonomous and responsible for achieving sustainable fisheries management. Enhanced right regimes are not "shelf ready" and must be developed between government and fishers.International fishery rights developments will be examined to see what takes place in other countries compared to Australia.
COMMON ISSUES - Significant impediments to the further development of rights based fishery management in Australia will be identified. These are the challenges for all parties in the development of sustainable rights based fishery management.
Final report
This project investigates fishing rights in Australia reviewing both legal and management aspects.
The implementation of limited entry in Australian fisheries in the 1970s and 1980s led to the development of new fisheries legislation. Since then, the perspective of the legislative framework has changed and broadened. In the 1990s, the critical challenge facing governments and the fishing industry has been how to strike a delicate balance between the public’s ownership of fisheries resources and the need for a more secure access rights. Very often, the debate has been focused narrowly on the issue of property rights
The project reviews fisheries legislation in Australia to determine the extent to which the legislative framework recognises fisheries entitlements as property rights. It is argued that the issue for industry is not so much whether fisheries entitlements constitute property rights in the legal sense, but the extent to which the legislative framework enhances such rights.
The application for the project 99/161 amended a previous one which was in two parts. Part I was funded by FRDC to provide review papers of rights in the Australian scene for the Fish Rights'99 Conference in Western Australia, November, 1999. Part II: was not included in current project.