The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.

The economic viability of the Australian prawn farming industry is under threat from increased production of farmed prawns in south-east Asia and the substantial decrease in global prawn prices.  The Australian industry is experiencing difficulty competing with imports; prawns can be landed from China and Thailand for about $8 per kg, compared with the current cost of production in Australia of about $10 per kg.  The industry is also under increasing pressure from environmental regulators to reduce the scale and impacts of sediment and nutrient discharges from prawn farms.  There is a critical need to develop production technology for black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) that enables Australian prawn farmers to gain the same improvements in production efficiency that have been achieved overseas with Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high intensity, low discharge systems.  Australian Prawn Farms Pty Ltd (APF) investigated the production technology used for L. vannamei and concluded that it was not suitable for Australian farming conditions and for the culture of P. monodon.  As a result, APF did some preliminary trials using their own ideas for a low water exchange system that was more suitable for P. monodon, with promising results.  However, to make further progress, there was a need for a broader and more extensive research effort than APF could do on its own without some external funding and scientific support.