This study was initiated in response to industry requests for information on the retail sales levels and consumption of fish and seafood in Sydney (the major market for Australia's fishing and aquaculture produce) because of widespread concerns about declining sales levels.

The study was designed to provide recommendations on how to increase retail sales profitably and to repeat much of the 1991 National Seafood Consumption Study (NSCS); that is, to examine changes in fish/seafood consumption and retailers and consumers attitudes to fish and seafood since 1991. A similar study on consumption and consumer attitudes was initiated in Perth shortly after the Sydney study started.

This volume has the detailed findings of a survey of the sales and attitudes of 140 fishmongers, supermarket and fish and chips outlet operators and the discussion, recommendations and conclusions arising from all the consumer and trade studies. Volume two of the report has the findings from five focus group discussions with consumers, a total of 1142 interviews covering out of home consumption and 740 interviews on in home consumption and consumers attitudes.

Out of home fish and seafood consumption has grown appreciably in Sydney and Perth since the corresponding period in 1991 (19% and 37% per capita respectively) because of the increased frequency of eating out and the strong innovation in the various types of eateries and the foods and meals on offer.

In home per capita consumption however grew only by 8% in Sydney and fell by 27% in Perth. Total in and out of home consumption in Sydney increased by 13% while in Perth it did not change significantly since 1991. This study suggests that the main factors responsible for this outcome were the decreasing household size, growing competition from an increasing variety of convenience foods and meals and the strong growth in casual out of home eating.

The average Sydney retail sales per store has increased substantially in value since the 1991 NSCS but mostly because of inflation in fish prices. Most fishmongers and fish and chips outlets attempted to curb the rising fish prices and maintain sales volumes by cutting their profit margin and many did not recognise the drift of customers to other more convenient foods and out of home eating.

The supermarket chains recorded the strongest sales growth in fresh and frozen fish and seafood - and real growth in average weekly sales value - mostly because of the development of dedicated fresh fish counters in their stores since 1991; some of this growth came at the expense of the traditional fish retailers.

A notable finding from the out of home consumption study was that restaurants have lost market share to more casual midmarket eateries such as cafes, clubs and the better fish and chips outlets since 1991.

This study was initiated in response to industry requests for information on the retail sales levels and consumption of fish and seafood in Sydney (the major market for Australia's fishing and aquaculture produce) because of widespread concerns about declining sales levels.

The study was designed to provide recommendations on how to increase retail sales profitably and to repeat much of the 1991 National Seafood Consumption Study (NSCS); that is, to examine changes in fish/seafood consumption and retailers and consumers attitudes to fish and seafood since 1991. A similar study on consumption and consumer attitudes was initiated in Perth shortly after the Sydney study started.

This volume has the detailed findings of a survey of the sales and attitudes of 140 fishmongers, supermarket and fish and chips outlet operators and the discussion, recommendations and conclusions arising from all the consumer and trade studies. Volume two of the report has the findings from five focus group discussions with consumers, a total of 1142 interviews covering out of home consumption and 740 interviews on in home consumption and consumers attitudes.

Out of home fish and seafood consumption has grown appreciably in Sydney and Perth since the corresponding period in 1991 (19% and 37% per capita respectively) because of the increased frequency of eating out and the strong innovation in the various types of eateries and the foods and meals on offer.

In home per capita consumption however grew only by 8% in Sydney and fell by 27% in Perth. Total in and out of home consumption in Sydney increased by 13% while in Perth it did not change significantly since 1991. This study suggests that the main factors responsible for this outcome were the decreasing household size, growing competition from an increasing variety of convenience foods and meals and the strong growth in casual out of home eating.

The average Sydney retail sales per store has increased substantially in value since the 1991 NSCS but mostly because of inflation in fish prices. Most fishmongers and fish and chips outlets attempted to curb the rising fish prices and maintain sales volumes by cutting their profit margin and many did not recognise the drift of customers to other more convenient foods and out of home eating.

The supermarket chains recorded the strongest sales growth in fresh and frozen fish and seafood - and real growth in average weekly sales value - mostly because of the development of dedicated fresh fish counters in their stores since 1991; some of this growth came at the expense of the traditional fish retailers.

A notable finding from the out of home consumption study was that restaurants have lost market share to more casual midmarket eateries such as cafes, clubs and the better fish and chips outlets since 1991.

This study was initiated in response to industry requests for information on the retail sales levels and consumption of fish and seafood in Sydney (the major market for Australia's fishing and aquaculture produce) because of widespread concerns about declining sales levels.

The study was designed to provide recommendations on how to increase retail sales profitably and to repeat much of the 1991 National Seafood Consumption Study (NSCS); that is, to examine changes in fish/seafood consumption and retailers and consumers attitudes to fish and seafood since 1991. A similar study on consumption and consumer attitudes was initiated in Perth shortly after the Sydney study started.

This volume has the detailed findings of a survey of the sales and attitudes of 140 fishmongers, supermarket and fish and chips outlet operators and the discussion, recommendations and conclusions arising from all the consumer and trade studies. Volume two of the report has the findings from five focus group discussions with consumers, a total of 1142 interviews covering out of home consumption and 740 interviews on in home consumption and consumers attitudes.

Out of home fish and seafood consumption has grown appreciably in Sydney and Perth since the corresponding period in 1991 (19% and 37% per capita respectively) because of the increased frequency of eating out and the strong innovation in the various types of eateries and the foods and meals on offer.

In home per capita consumption however grew only by 8% in Sydney and fell by 27% in Perth. Total in and out of home consumption in Sydney increased by 13% while in Perth it did not change significantly since 1991. This study suggests that the main factors responsible for this outcome were the decreasing household size, growing competition from an increasing variety of convenience foods and meals and the strong growth in casual out of home eating.

The average Sydney retail sales per store has increased substantially in value since the 1991 NSCS but mostly because of inflation in fish prices. Most fishmongers and fish and chips outlets attempted to curb the rising fish prices and maintain sales volumes by cutting their profit margin and many did not recognise the drift of customers to other more convenient foods and out of home eating.

The supermarket chains recorded the strongest sales growth in fresh and frozen fish and seafood - and real growth in average weekly sales value - mostly because of the development of dedicated fresh fish counters in their stores since 1991; some of this growth came at the expense of the traditional fish retailers.

A notable finding from the out of home consumption study was that restaurants have lost market share to more casual midmarket eateries such as cafes, clubs and the better fish and chips outlets since 1991.

This study was initiated in response to industry requests for information on the retail sales levels and consumption of fish and seafood in Sydney (the major market for Australia's fishing and aquaculture produce) because of widespread concerns about declining sales levels.

The study was designed to provide recommendations on how to increase retail sales profitably and to repeat much of the 1991 National Seafood Consumption Study (NSCS); that is, to examine changes in fish/seafood consumption and retailers and consumers attitudes to fish and seafood since 1991. A similar study on consumption and consumer attitudes was initiated in Perth shortly after the Sydney study started.

This volume has the detailed findings of a survey of the sales and attitudes of 140 fishmongers, supermarket and fish and chips outlet operators and the discussion, recommendations and conclusions arising from all the consumer and trade studies. Volume two of the report has the findings from five focus group discussions with consumers, a total of 1142 interviews covering out of home consumption and 740 interviews on in home consumption and consumers attitudes.

Out of home fish and seafood consumption has grown appreciably in Sydney and Perth since the corresponding period in 1991 (19% and 37% per capita respectively) because of the increased frequency of eating out and the strong innovation in the various types of eateries and the foods and meals on offer.

In home per capita consumption however grew only by 8% in Sydney and fell by 27% in Perth. Total in and out of home consumption in Sydney increased by 13% while in Perth it did not change significantly since 1991. This study suggests that the main factors responsible for this outcome were the decreasing household size, growing competition from an increasing variety of convenience foods and meals and the strong growth in casual out of home eating.

The average Sydney retail sales per store has increased substantially in value since the 1991 NSCS but mostly because of inflation in fish prices. Most fishmongers and fish and chips outlets attempted to curb the rising fish prices and maintain sales volumes by cutting their profit margin and many did not recognise the drift of customers to other more convenient foods and out of home eating.

The supermarket chains recorded the strongest sales growth in fresh and frozen fish and seafood - and real growth in average weekly sales value - mostly because of the development of dedicated fresh fish counters in their stores since 1991; some of this growth came at the expense of the traditional fish retailers.

A notable finding from the out of home consumption study was that restaurants have lost market share to more casual midmarket eateries such as cafes, clubs and the better fish and chips outlets since 1991.

This study was initiated in response to industry requests for information on the retail sales levels and consumption of fish and seafood in Sydney (the major market for Australia's fishing and aquaculture produce) because of widespread concerns about declining sales levels.

The study was designed to provide recommendations on how to increase retail sales profitably and to repeat much of the 1991 National Seafood Consumption Study (NSCS); that is, to examine changes in fish/seafood consumption and retailers and consumers attitudes to fish and seafood since 1991. A similar study on consumption and consumer attitudes was initiated in Perth shortly after the Sydney study started.

This volume has the detailed findings of a survey of the sales and attitudes of 140 fishmongers, supermarket and fish and chips outlet operators and the discussion, recommendations and conclusions arising from all the consumer and trade studies. Volume two of the report has the findings from five focus group discussions with consumers, a total of 1142 interviews covering out of home consumption and 740 interviews on in home consumption and consumers attitudes.

Out of home fish and seafood consumption has grown appreciably in Sydney and Perth since the corresponding period in 1991 (19% and 37% per capita respectively) because of the increased frequency of eating out and the strong innovation in the various types of eateries and the foods and meals on offer.

In home per capita consumption however grew only by 8% in Sydney and fell by 27% in Perth. Total in and out of home consumption in Sydney increased by 13% while in Perth it did not change significantly since 1991. This study suggests that the main factors responsible for this outcome were the decreasing household size, growing competition from an increasing variety of convenience foods and meals and the strong growth in casual out of home eating.

The average Sydney retail sales per store has increased substantially in value since the 1991 NSCS but mostly because of inflation in fish prices. Most fishmongers and fish and chips outlets attempted to curb the rising fish prices and maintain sales volumes by cutting their profit margin and many did not recognise the drift of customers to other more convenient foods and out of home eating.

The supermarket chains recorded the strongest sales growth in fresh and frozen fish and seafood - and real growth in average weekly sales value - mostly because of the development of dedicated fresh fish counters in their stores since 1991; some of this growth came at the expense of the traditional fish retailers.

A notable finding from the out of home consumption study was that restaurants have lost market share to more casual midmarket eateries such as cafes, clubs and the better fish and chips outlets since 1991.

This study was initiated in response to industry requests for information on the retail sales levels and consumption of fish and seafood in Sydney (the major market for Australia's fishing and aquaculture produce) because of widespread concerns about declining sales levels.

The study was designed to provide recommendations on how to increase retail sales profitably and to repeat much of the 1991 National Seafood Consumption Study (NSCS); that is, to examine changes in fish/seafood consumption and retailers and consumers attitudes to fish and seafood since 1991. A similar study on consumption and consumer attitudes was initiated in Perth shortly after the Sydney study started.

This volume has the detailed findings of a survey of the sales and attitudes of 140 fishmongers, supermarket and fish and chips outlet operators and the discussion, recommendations and conclusions arising from all the consumer and trade studies. Volume two of the report has the findings from five focus group discussions with consumers, a total of 1142 interviews covering out of home consumption and 740 interviews on in home consumption and consumers attitudes.

Out of home fish and seafood consumption has grown appreciably in Sydney and Perth since the corresponding period in 1991 (19% and 37% per capita respectively) because of the increased frequency of eating out and the strong innovation in the various types of eateries and the foods and meals on offer.

In home per capita consumption however grew only by 8% in Sydney and fell by 27% in Perth. Total in and out of home consumption in Sydney increased by 13% while in Perth it did not change significantly since 1991. This study suggests that the main factors responsible for this outcome were the decreasing household size, growing competition from an increasing variety of convenience foods and meals and the strong growth in casual out of home eating.

The average Sydney retail sales per store has increased substantially in value since the 1991 NSCS but mostly because of inflation in fish prices. Most fishmongers and fish and chips outlets attempted to curb the rising fish prices and maintain sales volumes by cutting their profit margin and many did not recognise the drift of customers to other more convenient foods and out of home eating.

The supermarket chains recorded the strongest sales growth in fresh and frozen fish and seafood - and real growth in average weekly sales value - mostly because of the development of dedicated fresh fish counters in their stores since 1991; some of this growth came at the expense of the traditional fish retailers.

A notable finding from the out of home consumption study was that restaurants have lost market share to more casual midmarket eateries such as cafes, clubs and the better fish and chips outlets since 1991.

This study was initiated in response to industry requests for information on the retail sales levels and consumption of fish and seafood in Sydney (the major market for Australia's fishing and aquaculture produce) because of widespread concerns about declining sales levels.

The study was designed to provide recommendations on how to increase retail sales profitably and to repeat much of the 1991 National Seafood Consumption Study (NSCS); that is, to examine changes in fish/seafood consumption and retailers and consumers attitudes to fish and seafood since 1991. A similar study on consumption and consumer attitudes was initiated in Perth shortly after the Sydney study started.

This volume has the detailed findings of a survey of the sales and attitudes of 140 fishmongers, supermarket and fish and chips outlet operators and the discussion, recommendations and conclusions arising from all the consumer and trade studies. Volume two of the report has the findings from five focus group discussions with consumers, a total of 1142 interviews covering out of home consumption and 740 interviews on in home consumption and consumers attitudes.

Out of home fish and seafood consumption has grown appreciably in Sydney and Perth since the corresponding period in 1991 (19% and 37% per capita respectively) because of the increased frequency of eating out and the strong innovation in the various types of eateries and the foods and meals on offer.

In home per capita consumption however grew only by 8% in Sydney and fell by 27% in Perth. Total in and out of home consumption in Sydney increased by 13% while in Perth it did not change significantly since 1991. This study suggests that the main factors responsible for this outcome were the decreasing household size, growing competition from an increasing variety of convenience foods and meals and the strong growth in casual out of home eating.

The average Sydney retail sales per store has increased substantially in value since the 1991 NSCS but mostly because of inflation in fish prices. Most fishmongers and fish and chips outlets attempted to curb the rising fish prices and maintain sales volumes by cutting their profit margin and many did not recognise the drift of customers to other more convenient foods and out of home eating.

The supermarket chains recorded the strongest sales growth in fresh and frozen fish and seafood - and real growth in average weekly sales value - mostly because of the development of dedicated fresh fish counters in their stores since 1991; some of this growth came at the expense of the traditional fish retailers.

A notable finding from the out of home consumption study was that restaurants have lost market share to more casual midmarket eateries such as cafes, clubs and the better fish and chips outlets since 1991.

This study was initiated in response to industry requests for information on the retail sales levels and consumption of fish and seafood in Sydney (the major market for Australia's fishing and aquaculture produce) because of widespread concerns about declining sales levels.

The study was designed to provide recommendations on how to increase retail sales profitably and to repeat much of the 1991 National Seafood Consumption Study (NSCS); that is, to examine changes in fish/seafood consumption and retailers and consumers attitudes to fish and seafood since 1991. A similar study on consumption and consumer attitudes was initiated in Perth shortly after the Sydney study started.

This volume has the detailed findings of a survey of the sales and attitudes of 140 fishmongers, supermarket and fish and chips outlet operators and the discussion, recommendations and conclusions arising from all the consumer and trade studies. Volume two of the report has the findings from five focus group discussions with consumers, a total of 1142 interviews covering out of home consumption and 740 interviews on in home consumption and consumers attitudes.

Out of home fish and seafood consumption has grown appreciably in Sydney and Perth since the corresponding period in 1991 (19% and 37% per capita respectively) because of the increased frequency of eating out and the strong innovation in the various types of eateries and the foods and meals on offer.

In home per capita consumption however grew only by 8% in Sydney and fell by 27% in Perth. Total in and out of home consumption in Sydney increased by 13% while in Perth it did not change significantly since 1991. This study suggests that the main factors responsible for this outcome were the decreasing household size, growing competition from an increasing variety of convenience foods and meals and the strong growth in casual out of home eating.

The average Sydney retail sales per store has increased substantially in value since the 1991 NSCS but mostly because of inflation in fish prices. Most fishmongers and fish and chips outlets attempted to curb the rising fish prices and maintain sales volumes by cutting their profit margin and many did not recognise the drift of customers to other more convenient foods and out of home eating.

The supermarket chains recorded the strongest sales growth in fresh and frozen fish and seafood - and real growth in average weekly sales value - mostly because of the development of dedicated fresh fish counters in their stores since 1991; some of this growth came at the expense of the traditional fish retailers.

A notable finding from the out of home consumption study was that restaurants have lost market share to more casual midmarket eateries such as cafes, clubs and the better fish and chips outlets since 1991.

This study was initiated in response to industry requests for information on the retail sales levels and consumption of fish and seafood in Sydney (the major market for Australia's fishing and aquaculture produce) because of widespread concerns about declining sales levels.

The study was designed to provide recommendations on how to increase retail sales profitably and to repeat much of the 1991 National Seafood Consumption Study (NSCS); that is, to examine changes in fish/seafood consumption and retailers and consumers attitudes to fish and seafood since 1991. A similar study on consumption and consumer attitudes was initiated in Perth shortly after the Sydney study started.

This volume has the detailed findings of a survey of the sales and attitudes of 140 fishmongers, supermarket and fish and chips outlet operators and the discussion, recommendations and conclusions arising from all the consumer and trade studies. Volume two of the report has the findings from five focus group discussions with consumers, a total of 1142 interviews covering out of home consumption and 740 interviews on in home consumption and consumers attitudes.

Out of home fish and seafood consumption has grown appreciably in Sydney and Perth since the corresponding period in 1991 (19% and 37% per capita respectively) because of the increased frequency of eating out and the strong innovation in the various types of eateries and the foods and meals on offer.

In home per capita consumption however grew only by 8% in Sydney and fell by 27% in Perth. Total in and out of home consumption in Sydney increased by 13% while in Perth it did not change significantly since 1991. This study suggests that the main factors responsible for this outcome were the decreasing household size, growing competition from an increasing variety of convenience foods and meals and the strong growth in casual out of home eating.

The average Sydney retail sales per store has increased substantially in value since the 1991 NSCS but mostly because of inflation in fish prices. Most fishmongers and fish and chips outlets attempted to curb the rising fish prices and maintain sales volumes by cutting their profit margin and many did not recognise the drift of customers to other more convenient foods and out of home eating.

The supermarket chains recorded the strongest sales growth in fresh and frozen fish and seafood - and real growth in average weekly sales value - mostly because of the development of dedicated fresh fish counters in their stores since 1991; some of this growth came at the expense of the traditional fish retailers.

A notable finding from the out of home consumption study was that restaurants have lost market share to more casual midmarket eateries such as cafes, clubs and the better fish and chips outlets since 1991.

This study was initiated in response to industry requests for information on the retail sales levels and consumption of fish and seafood in Sydney (the major market for Australia's fishing and aquaculture produce) because of widespread concerns about declining sales levels.

The study was designed to provide recommendations on how to increase retail sales profitably and to repeat much of the 1991 National Seafood Consumption Study (NSCS); that is, to examine changes in fish/seafood consumption and retailers and consumers attitudes to fish and seafood since 1991. A similar study on consumption and consumer attitudes was initiated in Perth shortly after the Sydney study started.

This volume has the detailed findings of a survey of the sales and attitudes of 140 fishmongers, supermarket and fish and chips outlet operators and the discussion, recommendations and conclusions arising from all the consumer and trade studies. Volume two of the report has the findings from five focus group discussions with consumers, a total of 1142 interviews covering out of home consumption and 740 interviews on in home consumption and consumers attitudes.

Out of home fish and seafood consumption has grown appreciably in Sydney and Perth since the corresponding period in 1991 (19% and 37% per capita respectively) because of the increased frequency of eating out and the strong innovation in the various types of eateries and the foods and meals on offer.

In home per capita consumption however grew only by 8% in Sydney and fell by 27% in Perth. Total in and out of home consumption in Sydney increased by 13% while in Perth it did not change significantly since 1991. This study suggests that the main factors responsible for this outcome were the decreasing household size, growing competition from an increasing variety of convenience foods and meals and the strong growth in casual out of home eating.

The average Sydney retail sales per store has increased substantially in value since the 1991 NSCS but mostly because of inflation in fish prices. Most fishmongers and fish and chips outlets attempted to curb the rising fish prices and maintain sales volumes by cutting their profit margin and many did not recognise the drift of customers to other more convenient foods and out of home eating.

The supermarket chains recorded the strongest sales growth in fresh and frozen fish and seafood - and real growth in average weekly sales value - mostly because of the development of dedicated fresh fish counters in their stores since 1991; some of this growth came at the expense of the traditional fish retailers.

A notable finding from the out of home consumption study was that restaurants have lost market share to more casual midmarket eateries such as cafes, clubs and the better fish and chips outlets since 1991.

This study was initiated in response to industry requests for information on the retail sales levels and consumption of fish and seafood in Sydney (the major market for Australia's fishing and aquaculture produce) because of widespread concerns about declining sales levels.

The study was designed to provide recommendations on how to increase retail sales profitably and to repeat much of the 1991 National Seafood Consumption Study (NSCS); that is, to examine changes in fish/seafood consumption and retailers and consumers attitudes to fish and seafood since 1991. A similar study on consumption and consumer attitudes was initiated in Perth shortly after the Sydney study started.

This volume has the detailed findings of a survey of the sales and attitudes of 140 fishmongers, supermarket and fish and chips outlet operators and the discussion, recommendations and conclusions arising from all the consumer and trade studies. Volume two of the report has the findings from five focus group discussions with consumers, a total of 1142 interviews covering out of home consumption and 740 interviews on in home consumption and consumers attitudes.

Out of home fish and seafood consumption has grown appreciably in Sydney and Perth since the corresponding period in 1991 (19% and 37% per capita respectively) because of the increased frequency of eating out and the strong innovation in the various types of eateries and the foods and meals on offer.

In home per capita consumption however grew only by 8% in Sydney and fell by 27% in Perth. Total in and out of home consumption in Sydney increased by 13% while in Perth it did not change significantly since 1991. This study suggests that the main factors responsible for this outcome were the decreasing household size, growing competition from an increasing variety of convenience foods and meals and the strong growth in casual out of home eating.

The average Sydney retail sales per store has increased substantially in value since the 1991 NSCS but mostly because of inflation in fish prices. Most fishmongers and fish and chips outlets attempted to curb the rising fish prices and maintain sales volumes by cutting their profit margin and many did not recognise the drift of customers to other more convenient foods and out of home eating.

The supermarket chains recorded the strongest sales growth in fresh and frozen fish and seafood - and real growth in average weekly sales value - mostly because of the development of dedicated fresh fish counters in their stores since 1991; some of this growth came at the expense of the traditional fish retailers.

A notable finding from the out of home consumption study was that restaurants have lost market share to more casual midmarket eateries such as cafes, clubs and the better fish and chips outlets since 1991.

This study was initiated in response to industry requests for information on the retail sales levels and consumption of fish and seafood in Sydney (the major market for Australia's fishing and aquaculture produce) because of widespread concerns about declining sales levels.

The study was designed to provide recommendations on how to increase retail sales profitably and to repeat much of the 1991 National Seafood Consumption Study (NSCS); that is, to examine changes in fish/seafood consumption and retailers and consumers attitudes to fish and seafood since 1991. A similar study on consumption and consumer attitudes was initiated in Perth shortly after the Sydney study started.

This volume has the detailed findings of a survey of the sales and attitudes of 140 fishmongers, supermarket and fish and chips outlet operators and the discussion, recommendations and conclusions arising from all the consumer and trade studies. Volume two of the report has the findings from five focus group discussions with consumers, a total of 1142 interviews covering out of home consumption and 740 interviews on in home consumption and consumers attitudes.

Out of home fish and seafood consumption has grown appreciably in Sydney and Perth since the corresponding period in 1991 (19% and 37% per capita respectively) because of the increased frequency of eating out and the strong innovation in the various types of eateries and the foods and meals on offer.

In home per capita consumption however grew only by 8% in Sydney and fell by 27% in Perth. Total in and out of home consumption in Sydney increased by 13% while in Perth it did not change significantly since 1991. This study suggests that the main factors responsible for this outcome were the decreasing household size, growing competition from an increasing variety of convenience foods and meals and the strong growth in casual out of home eating.

The average Sydney retail sales per store has increased substantially in value since the 1991 NSCS but mostly because of inflation in fish prices. Most fishmongers and fish and chips outlets attempted to curb the rising fish prices and maintain sales volumes by cutting their profit margin and many did not recognise the drift of customers to other more convenient foods and out of home eating.

The supermarket chains recorded the strongest sales growth in fresh and frozen fish and seafood - and real growth in average weekly sales value - mostly because of the development of dedicated fresh fish counters in their stores since 1991; some of this growth came at the expense of the traditional fish retailers.

A notable finding from the out of home consumption study was that restaurants have lost market share to more casual midmarket eateries such as cafes, clubs and the better fish and chips outlets since 1991.

This study was initiated in response to industry requests for information on the retail sales levels and consumption of fish and seafood in Sydney (the major market for Australia's fishing and aquaculture produce) because of widespread concerns about declining sales levels.

The study was designed to provide recommendations on how to increase retail sales profitably and to repeat much of the 1991 National Seafood Consumption Study (NSCS); that is, to examine changes in fish/seafood consumption and retailers and consumers attitudes to fish and seafood since 1991. A similar study on consumption and consumer attitudes was initiated in Perth shortly after the Sydney study started.

This volume has the detailed findings of a survey of the sales and attitudes of 140 fishmongers, supermarket and fish and chips outlet operators and the discussion, recommendations and conclusions arising from all the consumer and trade studies. Volume two of the report has the findings from five focus group discussions with consumers, a total of 1142 interviews covering out of home consumption and 740 interviews on in home consumption and consumers attitudes.

Out of home fish and seafood consumption has grown appreciably in Sydney and Perth since the corresponding period in 1991 (19% and 37% per capita respectively) because of the increased frequency of eating out and the strong innovation in the various types of eateries and the foods and meals on offer.

In home per capita consumption however grew only by 8% in Sydney and fell by 27% in Perth. Total in and out of home consumption in Sydney increased by 13% while in Perth it did not change significantly since 1991. This study suggests that the main factors responsible for this outcome were the decreasing household size, growing competition from an increasing variety of convenience foods and meals and the strong growth in casual out of home eating.

The average Sydney retail sales per store has increased substantially in value since the 1991 NSCS but mostly because of inflation in fish prices. Most fishmongers and fish and chips outlets attempted to curb the rising fish prices and maintain sales volumes by cutting their profit margin and many did not recognise the drift of customers to other more convenient foods and out of home eating.

The supermarket chains recorded the strongest sales growth in fresh and frozen fish and seafood - and real growth in average weekly sales value - mostly because of the development of dedicated fresh fish counters in their stores since 1991; some of this growth came at the expense of the traditional fish retailers.

A notable finding from the out of home consumption study was that restaurants have lost market share to more casual midmarket eateries such as cafes, clubs and the better fish and chips outlets since 1991.

This study was initiated in response to industry requests for information on the retail sales levels and consumption of fish and seafood in Sydney (the major market for Australia's fishing and aquaculture produce) because of widespread concerns about declining sales levels.

The study was designed to provide recommendations on how to increase retail sales profitably and to repeat much of the 1991 National Seafood Consumption Study (NSCS); that is, to examine changes in fish/seafood consumption and retailers and consumers attitudes to fish and seafood since 1991. A similar study on consumption and consumer attitudes was initiated in Perth shortly after the Sydney study started.

This volume has the detailed findings of a survey of the sales and attitudes of 140 fishmongers, supermarket and fish and chips outlet operators and the discussion, recommendations and conclusions arising from all the consumer and trade studies. Volume two of the report has the findings from five focus group discussions with consumers, a total of 1142 interviews covering out of home consumption and 740 interviews on in home consumption and consumers attitudes.

Out of home fish and seafood consumption has grown appreciably in Sydney and Perth since the corresponding period in 1991 (19% and 37% per capita respectively) because of the increased frequency of eating out and the strong innovation in the various types of eateries and the foods and meals on offer.

In home per capita consumption however grew only by 8% in Sydney and fell by 27% in Perth. Total in and out of home consumption in Sydney increased by 13% while in Perth it did not change significantly since 1991. This study suggests that the main factors responsible for this outcome were the decreasing household size, growing competition from an increasing variety of convenience foods and meals and the strong growth in casual out of home eating.

The average Sydney retail sales per store has increased substantially in value since the 1991 NSCS but mostly because of inflation in fish prices. Most fishmongers and fish and chips outlets attempted to curb the rising fish prices and maintain sales volumes by cutting their profit margin and many did not recognise the drift of customers to other more convenient foods and out of home eating.

The supermarket chains recorded the strongest sales growth in fresh and frozen fish and seafood - and real growth in average weekly sales value - mostly because of the development of dedicated fresh fish counters in their stores since 1991; some of this growth came at the expense of the traditional fish retailers.

A notable finding from the out of home consumption study was that restaurants have lost market share to more casual midmarket eateries such as cafes, clubs and the better fish and chips outlets since 1991.

This study was initiated in response to industry requests for information on the retail sales levels and consumption of fish and seafood in Sydney (the major market for Australia's fishing and aquaculture produce) because of widespread concerns about declining sales levels.

The study was designed to provide recommendations on how to increase retail sales profitably and to repeat much of the 1991 National Seafood Consumption Study (NSCS); that is, to examine changes in fish/seafood consumption and retailers and consumers attitudes to fish and seafood since 1991. A similar study on consumption and consumer attitudes was initiated in Perth shortly after the Sydney study started.

This volume has the detailed findings of a survey of the sales and attitudes of 140 fishmongers, supermarket and fish and chips outlet operators and the discussion, recommendations and conclusions arising from all the consumer and trade studies. Volume two of the report has the findings from five focus group discussions with consumers, a total of 1142 interviews covering out of home consumption and 740 interviews on in home consumption and consumers attitudes.

Out of home fish and seafood consumption has grown appreciably in Sydney and Perth since the corresponding period in 1991 (19% and 37% per capita respectively) because of the increased frequency of eating out and the strong innovation in the various types of eateries and the foods and meals on offer.

In home per capita consumption however grew only by 8% in Sydney and fell by 27% in Perth. Total in and out of home consumption in Sydney increased by 13% while in Perth it did not change significantly since 1991. This study suggests that the main factors responsible for this outcome were the decreasing household size, growing competition from an increasing variety of convenience foods and meals and the strong growth in casual out of home eating.

The average Sydney retail sales per store has increased substantially in value since the 1991 NSCS but mostly because of inflation in fish prices. Most fishmongers and fish and chips outlets attempted to curb the rising fish prices and maintain sales volumes by cutting their profit margin and many did not recognise the drift of customers to other more convenient foods and out of home eating.

The supermarket chains recorded the strongest sales growth in fresh and frozen fish and seafood - and real growth in average weekly sales value - mostly because of the development of dedicated fresh fish counters in their stores since 1991; some of this growth came at the expense of the traditional fish retailers.

A notable finding from the out of home consumption study was that restaurants have lost market share to more casual midmarket eateries such as cafes, clubs and the better fish and chips outlets since 1991.

This study was initiated in response to industry requests for information on the retail sales levels and consumption of fish and seafood in Sydney (the major market for Australia's fishing and aquaculture produce) because of widespread concerns about declining sales levels.

The study was designed to provide recommendations on how to increase retail sales profitably and to repeat much of the 1991 National Seafood Consumption Study (NSCS); that is, to examine changes in fish/seafood consumption and retailers and consumers attitudes to fish and seafood since 1991. A similar study on consumption and consumer attitudes was initiated in Perth shortly after the Sydney study started.

This volume has the detailed findings of a survey of the sales and attitudes of 140 fishmongers, supermarket and fish and chips outlet operators and the discussion, recommendations and conclusions arising from all the consumer and trade studies. Volume two of the report has the findings from five focus group discussions with consumers, a total of 1142 interviews covering out of home consumption and 740 interviews on in home consumption and consumers attitudes.

Out of home fish and seafood consumption has grown appreciably in Sydney and Perth since the corresponding period in 1991 (19% and 37% per capita respectively) because of the increased frequency of eating out and the strong innovation in the various types of eateries and the foods and meals on offer.

In home per capita consumption however grew only by 8% in Sydney and fell by 27% in Perth. Total in and out of home consumption in Sydney increased by 13% while in Perth it did not change significantly since 1991. This study suggests that the main factors responsible for this outcome were the decreasing household size, growing competition from an increasing variety of convenience foods and meals and the strong growth in casual out of home eating.

The average Sydney retail sales per store has increased substantially in value since the 1991 NSCS but mostly because of inflation in fish prices. Most fishmongers and fish and chips outlets attempted to curb the rising fish prices and maintain sales volumes by cutting their profit margin and many did not recognise the drift of customers to other more convenient foods and out of home eating.

The supermarket chains recorded the strongest sales growth in fresh and frozen fish and seafood - and real growth in average weekly sales value - mostly because of the development of dedicated fresh fish counters in their stores since 1991; some of this growth came at the expense of the traditional fish retailers.

A notable finding from the out of home consumption study was that restaurants have lost market share to more casual midmarket eateries such as cafes, clubs and the better fish and chips outlets since 1991.

This study was initiated in response to industry requests for information on the retail sales levels and consumption of fish and seafood in Sydney (the major market for Australia's fishing and aquaculture produce) because of widespread concerns about declining sales levels.

The study was designed to provide recommendations on how to increase retail sales profitably and to repeat much of the 1991 National Seafood Consumption Study (NSCS); that is, to examine changes in fish/seafood consumption and retailers and consumers attitudes to fish and seafood since 1991. A similar study on consumption and consumer attitudes was initiated in Perth shortly after the Sydney study started.

This volume has the detailed findings of a survey of the sales and attitudes of 140 fishmongers, supermarket and fish and chips outlet operators and the discussion, recommendations and conclusions arising from all the consumer and trade studies. Volume two of the report has the findings from five focus group discussions with consumers, a total of 1142 interviews covering out of home consumption and 740 interviews on in home consumption and consumers attitudes.

Out of home fish and seafood consumption has grown appreciably in Sydney and Perth since the corresponding period in 1991 (19% and 37% per capita respectively) because of the increased frequency of eating out and the strong innovation in the various types of eateries and the foods and meals on offer.

In home per capita consumption however grew only by 8% in Sydney and fell by 27% in Perth. Total in and out of home consumption in Sydney increased by 13% while in Perth it did not change significantly since 1991. This study suggests that the main factors responsible for this outcome were the decreasing household size, growing competition from an increasing variety of convenience foods and meals and the strong growth in casual out of home eating.

The average Sydney retail sales per store has increased substantially in value since the 1991 NSCS but mostly because of inflation in fish prices. Most fishmongers and fish and chips outlets attempted to curb the rising fish prices and maintain sales volumes by cutting their profit margin and many did not recognise the drift of customers to other more convenient foods and out of home eating.

The supermarket chains recorded the strongest sales growth in fresh and frozen fish and seafood - and real growth in average weekly sales value - mostly because of the development of dedicated fresh fish counters in their stores since 1991; some of this growth came at the expense of the traditional fish retailers.

A notable finding from the out of home consumption study was that restaurants have lost market share to more casual midmarket eateries such as cafes, clubs and the better fish and chips outlets since 1991.

This study was initiated in response to industry requests for information on the retail sales levels and consumption of fish and seafood in Sydney (the major market for Australia's fishing and aquaculture produce) because of widespread concerns about declining sales levels.

The study was designed to provide recommendations on how to increase retail sales profitably and to repeat much of the 1991 National Seafood Consumption Study (NSCS); that is, to examine changes in fish/seafood consumption and retailers and consumers attitudes to fish and seafood since 1991. A similar study on consumption and consumer attitudes was initiated in Perth shortly after the Sydney study started.

This volume has the detailed findings of a survey of the sales and attitudes of 140 fishmongers, supermarket and fish and chips outlet operators and the discussion, recommendations and conclusions arising from all the consumer and trade studies. Volume two of the report has the findings from five focus group discussions with consumers, a total of 1142 interviews covering out of home consumption and 740 interviews on in home consumption and consumers attitudes.

Out of home fish and seafood consumption has grown appreciably in Sydney and Perth since the corresponding period in 1991 (19% and 37% per capita respectively) because of the increased frequency of eating out and the strong innovation in the various types of eateries and the foods and meals on offer.

In home per capita consumption however grew only by 8% in Sydney and fell by 27% in Perth. Total in and out of home consumption in Sydney increased by 13% while in Perth it did not change significantly since 1991. This study suggests that the main factors responsible for this outcome were the decreasing household size, growing competition from an increasing variety of convenience foods and meals and the strong growth in casual out of home eating.

The average Sydney retail sales per store has increased substantially in value since the 1991 NSCS but mostly because of inflation in fish prices. Most fishmongers and fish and chips outlets attempted to curb the rising fish prices and maintain sales volumes by cutting their profit margin and many did not recognise the drift of customers to other more convenient foods and out of home eating.

The supermarket chains recorded the strongest sales growth in fresh and frozen fish and seafood - and real growth in average weekly sales value - mostly because of the development of dedicated fresh fish counters in their stores since 1991; some of this growth came at the expense of the traditional fish retailers.

A notable finding from the out of home consumption study was that restaurants have lost market share to more casual midmarket eateries such as cafes, clubs and the better fish and chips outlets since 1991.

This study was initiated in response to industry requests for information on the retail sales levels and consumption of fish and seafood in Sydney (the major market for Australia's fishing and aquaculture produce) because of widespread concerns about declining sales levels.

The study was designed to provide recommendations on how to increase retail sales profitably and to repeat much of the 1991 National Seafood Consumption Study (NSCS); that is, to examine changes in fish/seafood consumption and retailers and consumers attitudes to fish and seafood since 1991. A similar study on consumption and consumer attitudes was initiated in Perth shortly after the Sydney study started.

This volume has the detailed findings of a survey of the sales and attitudes of 140 fishmongers, supermarket and fish and chips outlet operators and the discussion, recommendations and conclusions arising from all the consumer and trade studies. Volume two of the report has the findings from five focus group discussions with consumers, a total of 1142 interviews covering out of home consumption and 740 interviews on in home consumption and consumers attitudes.

Out of home fish and seafood consumption has grown appreciably in Sydney and Perth since the corresponding period in 1991 (19% and 37% per capita respectively) because of the increased frequency of eating out and the strong innovation in the various types of eateries and the foods and meals on offer.

In home per capita consumption however grew only by 8% in Sydney and fell by 27% in Perth. Total in and out of home consumption in Sydney increased by 13% while in Perth it did not change significantly since 1991. This study suggests that the main factors responsible for this outcome were the decreasing household size, growing competition from an increasing variety of convenience foods and meals and the strong growth in casual out of home eating.

The average Sydney retail sales per store has increased substantially in value since the 1991 NSCS but mostly because of inflation in fish prices. Most fishmongers and fish and chips outlets attempted to curb the rising fish prices and maintain sales volumes by cutting their profit margin and many did not recognise the drift of customers to other more convenient foods and out of home eating.

The supermarket chains recorded the strongest sales growth in fresh and frozen fish and seafood - and real growth in average weekly sales value - mostly because of the development of dedicated fresh fish counters in their stores since 1991; some of this growth came at the expense of the traditional fish retailers.

A notable finding from the out of home consumption study was that restaurants have lost market share to more casual midmarket eateries such as cafes, clubs and the better fish and chips outlets since 1991.

This study was initiated in response to industry requests for information on the retail sales levels and consumption of fish and seafood in Sydney (the major market for Australia's fishing and aquaculture produce) because of widespread concerns about declining sales levels.

The study was designed to provide recommendations on how to increase retail sales profitably and to repeat much of the 1991 National Seafood Consumption Study (NSCS); that is, to examine changes in fish/seafood consumption and retailers and consumers attitudes to fish and seafood since 1991. A similar study on consumption and consumer attitudes was initiated in Perth shortly after the Sydney study started.

This volume has the detailed findings of a survey of the sales and attitudes of 140 fishmongers, supermarket and fish and chips outlet operators and the discussion, recommendations and conclusions arising from all the consumer and trade studies. Volume two of the report has the findings from five focus group discussions with consumers, a total of 1142 interviews covering out of home consumption and 740 interviews on in home consumption and consumers attitudes.

Out of home fish and seafood consumption has grown appreciably in Sydney and Perth since the corresponding period in 1991 (19% and 37% per capita respectively) because of the increased frequency of eating out and the strong innovation in the various types of eateries and the foods and meals on offer.

In home per capita consumption however grew only by 8% in Sydney and fell by 27% in Perth. Total in and out of home consumption in Sydney increased by 13% while in Perth it did not change significantly since 1991. This study suggests that the main factors responsible for this outcome were the decreasing household size, growing competition from an increasing variety of convenience foods and meals and the strong growth in casual out of home eating.

The average Sydney retail sales per store has increased substantially in value since the 1991 NSCS but mostly because of inflation in fish prices. Most fishmongers and fish and chips outlets attempted to curb the rising fish prices and maintain sales volumes by cutting their profit margin and many did not recognise the drift of customers to other more convenient foods and out of home eating.

The supermarket chains recorded the strongest sales growth in fresh and frozen fish and seafood - and real growth in average weekly sales value - mostly because of the development of dedicated fresh fish counters in their stores since 1991; some of this growth came at the expense of the traditional fish retailers.

A notable finding from the out of home consumption study was that restaurants have lost market share to more casual midmarket eateries such as cafes, clubs and the better fish and chips outlets since 1991.

Aquaculture in Australia is a rapidly growing industry.  More than 60 aquatic species including crustaceans, molluscs, finfish, crocodiles and microalgae are presently cultured in Australia, although less than ten species support around 80% of the total value of the industry.  In 1995, a review of world aquaculture resources by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified genetic and diversity issues as major constraints to the future development of aquaculture.  There are two areas in which genetics is especially important in aquaculture development: (1) the genetic improvement of important production traits; and (2) genetic implications of the intentional movement (translocation) of organisms for aquaculture or restocking programs.

Genetic improvement of aquaculture species offers substantial opportunities for increased production efficiency, disease control, product quality and ultimately profitability for aquaculture industries.  Most aquaculture industries in Australia are at an early stage of development and would benefit from the introduction of genetic improvement programs.

The first step in a genetic improvement program is to determine which traits should be improved (the breeding objective), and find measures for those traits (the selection criteria).  Size at harvest is perceived by industry participants, managers and researchers as the trait that will most influence profitability for all major aquaculture species in Australia.  Other traits of general importance are survival to harvest, disease resistance (especially in edible molluscs), meat yield and feed conversion efficiency. For some aquaculture species, such as trout, there are good estimates of the heritabilities and genetic correlations among these traits, and studies are beginning for a number of crustacean and mollusc species.  In most cases, however, we still lack the basic information needed to define effective selection criteria for the traits we wish to improve.

Once the breeding objective and selection criteria have been determined, we need to consider the methods by which superior breeding stock will be selected.  Mass selection, where breeding stock are chosen on the basis of individual performance, is most common in aquaculture species.  This may lead to inbreeding, however, because individuals with superior performance will often be closely related.  One method of overcoming this is by taking the performance of relatives into account when choosing breeding stock (family selection).  The major research priority for genetic improvement across all aquaculture species in Australia is the development of genetic markers to enable accurate pedigree determination.  This would allow the more widespread use of family data in selection decisions, without costly maintenance of separate family lines until individuals can be physically marked.

The major constraint upon the implementation of genetic improvement programs by aquaculture industries is lack of available funds and resources.  Many aquaculture industries in Australia are small and immature, and uncertainties over production costs and market opportunities limit investment in long-term genetic improvement programs.  Ensuring industry ownership of genetic improvement programs, and national coordination among researchers, are vital in all aquaculture industries.  Government support may be necessary in the early stages of development, and the favourable benefit:cost ratio demonstrated, for example, by the Norwegian breeding program for salmonids, should encourage the targeted investment of public funds into genetic improvement programs for aquaculture species.

Aquaculture in Australia is a rapidly growing industry.  More than 60 aquatic species including crustaceans, molluscs, finfish, crocodiles and microalgae are presently cultured in Australia, although less than ten species support around 80% of the total value of the industry.  In 1995, a review of world aquaculture resources by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified genetic and diversity issues as major constraints to the future development of aquaculture.  There are two areas in which genetics is especially important in aquaculture development: (1) the genetic improvement of important production traits; and (2) genetic implications of the intentional movement (translocation) of organisms for aquaculture or restocking programs.

Genetic improvement of aquaculture species offers substantial opportunities for increased production efficiency, disease control, product quality and ultimately profitability for aquaculture industries.  Most aquaculture industries in Australia are at an early stage of development and would benefit from the introduction of genetic improvement programs.

The first step in a genetic improvement program is to determine which traits should be improved (the breeding objective), and find measures for those traits (the selection criteria).  Size at harvest is perceived by industry participants, managers and researchers as the trait that will most influence profitability for all major aquaculture species in Australia.  Other traits of general importance are survival to harvest, disease resistance (especially in edible molluscs), meat yield and feed conversion efficiency. For some aquaculture species, such as trout, there are good estimates of the heritabilities and genetic correlations among these traits, and studies are beginning for a number of crustacean and mollusc species.  In most cases, however, we still lack the basic information needed to define effective selection criteria for the traits we wish to improve.

Once the breeding objective and selection criteria have been determined, we need to consider the methods by which superior breeding stock will be selected.  Mass selection, where breeding stock are chosen on the basis of individual performance, is most common in aquaculture species.  This may lead to inbreeding, however, because individuals with superior performance will often be closely related.  One method of overcoming this is by taking the performance of relatives into account when choosing breeding stock (family selection).  The major research priority for genetic improvement across all aquaculture species in Australia is the development of genetic markers to enable accurate pedigree determination.  This would allow the more widespread use of family data in selection decisions, without costly maintenance of separate family lines until individuals can be physically marked.

The major constraint upon the implementation of genetic improvement programs by aquaculture industries is lack of available funds and resources.  Many aquaculture industries in Australia are small and immature, and uncertainties over production costs and market opportunities limit investment in long-term genetic improvement programs.  Ensuring industry ownership of genetic improvement programs, and national coordination among researchers, are vital in all aquaculture industries.  Government support may be necessary in the early stages of development, and the favourable benefit:cost ratio demonstrated, for example, by the Norwegian breeding program for salmonids, should encourage the targeted investment of public funds into genetic improvement programs for aquaculture species.

Aquaculture in Australia is a rapidly growing industry.  More than 60 aquatic species including crustaceans, molluscs, finfish, crocodiles and microalgae are presently cultured in Australia, although less than ten species support around 80% of the total value of the industry.  In 1995, a review of world aquaculture resources by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified genetic and diversity issues as major constraints to the future development of aquaculture.  There are two areas in which genetics is especially important in aquaculture development: (1) the genetic improvement of important production traits; and (2) genetic implications of the intentional movement (translocation) of organisms for aquaculture or restocking programs.

Genetic improvement of aquaculture species offers substantial opportunities for increased production efficiency, disease control, product quality and ultimately profitability for aquaculture industries.  Most aquaculture industries in Australia are at an early stage of development and would benefit from the introduction of genetic improvement programs.

The first step in a genetic improvement program is to determine which traits should be improved (the breeding objective), and find measures for those traits (the selection criteria).  Size at harvest is perceived by industry participants, managers and researchers as the trait that will most influence profitability for all major aquaculture species in Australia.  Other traits of general importance are survival to harvest, disease resistance (especially in edible molluscs), meat yield and feed conversion efficiency. For some aquaculture species, such as trout, there are good estimates of the heritabilities and genetic correlations among these traits, and studies are beginning for a number of crustacean and mollusc species.  In most cases, however, we still lack the basic information needed to define effective selection criteria for the traits we wish to improve.

Once the breeding objective and selection criteria have been determined, we need to consider the methods by which superior breeding stock will be selected.  Mass selection, where breeding stock are chosen on the basis of individual performance, is most common in aquaculture species.  This may lead to inbreeding, however, because individuals with superior performance will often be closely related.  One method of overcoming this is by taking the performance of relatives into account when choosing breeding stock (family selection).  The major research priority for genetic improvement across all aquaculture species in Australia is the development of genetic markers to enable accurate pedigree determination.  This would allow the more widespread use of family data in selection decisions, without costly maintenance of separate family lines until individuals can be physically marked.

The major constraint upon the implementation of genetic improvement programs by aquaculture industries is lack of available funds and resources.  Many aquaculture industries in Australia are small and immature, and uncertainties over production costs and market opportunities limit investment in long-term genetic improvement programs.  Ensuring industry ownership of genetic improvement programs, and national coordination among researchers, are vital in all aquaculture industries.  Government support may be necessary in the early stages of development, and the favourable benefit:cost ratio demonstrated, for example, by the Norwegian breeding program for salmonids, should encourage the targeted investment of public funds into genetic improvement programs for aquaculture species.

Aquaculture in Australia is a rapidly growing industry.  More than 60 aquatic species including crustaceans, molluscs, finfish, crocodiles and microalgae are presently cultured in Australia, although less than ten species support around 80% of the total value of the industry.  In 1995, a review of world aquaculture resources by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified genetic and diversity issues as major constraints to the future development of aquaculture.  There are two areas in which genetics is especially important in aquaculture development: (1) the genetic improvement of important production traits; and (2) genetic implications of the intentional movement (translocation) of organisms for aquaculture or restocking programs.

Genetic improvement of aquaculture species offers substantial opportunities for increased production efficiency, disease control, product quality and ultimately profitability for aquaculture industries.  Most aquaculture industries in Australia are at an early stage of development and would benefit from the introduction of genetic improvement programs.

The first step in a genetic improvement program is to determine which traits should be improved (the breeding objective), and find measures for those traits (the selection criteria).  Size at harvest is perceived by industry participants, managers and researchers as the trait that will most influence profitability for all major aquaculture species in Australia.  Other traits of general importance are survival to harvest, disease resistance (especially in edible molluscs), meat yield and feed conversion efficiency. For some aquaculture species, such as trout, there are good estimates of the heritabilities and genetic correlations among these traits, and studies are beginning for a number of crustacean and mollusc species.  In most cases, however, we still lack the basic information needed to define effective selection criteria for the traits we wish to improve.

Once the breeding objective and selection criteria have been determined, we need to consider the methods by which superior breeding stock will be selected.  Mass selection, where breeding stock are chosen on the basis of individual performance, is most common in aquaculture species.  This may lead to inbreeding, however, because individuals with superior performance will often be closely related.  One method of overcoming this is by taking the performance of relatives into account when choosing breeding stock (family selection).  The major research priority for genetic improvement across all aquaculture species in Australia is the development of genetic markers to enable accurate pedigree determination.  This would allow the more widespread use of family data in selection decisions, without costly maintenance of separate family lines until individuals can be physically marked.

The major constraint upon the implementation of genetic improvement programs by aquaculture industries is lack of available funds and resources.  Many aquaculture industries in Australia are small and immature, and uncertainties over production costs and market opportunities limit investment in long-term genetic improvement programs.  Ensuring industry ownership of genetic improvement programs, and national coordination among researchers, are vital in all aquaculture industries.  Government support may be necessary in the early stages of development, and the favourable benefit:cost ratio demonstrated, for example, by the Norwegian breeding program for salmonids, should encourage the targeted investment of public funds into genetic improvement programs for aquaculture species.

Aquaculture in Australia is a rapidly growing industry.  More than 60 aquatic species including crustaceans, molluscs, finfish, crocodiles and microalgae are presently cultured in Australia, although less than ten species support around 80% of the total value of the industry.  In 1995, a review of world aquaculture resources by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified genetic and diversity issues as major constraints to the future development of aquaculture.  There are two areas in which genetics is especially important in aquaculture development: (1) the genetic improvement of important production traits; and (2) genetic implications of the intentional movement (translocation) of organisms for aquaculture or restocking programs.

Genetic improvement of aquaculture species offers substantial opportunities for increased production efficiency, disease control, product quality and ultimately profitability for aquaculture industries.  Most aquaculture industries in Australia are at an early stage of development and would benefit from the introduction of genetic improvement programs.

The first step in a genetic improvement program is to determine which traits should be improved (the breeding objective), and find measures for those traits (the selection criteria).  Size at harvest is perceived by industry participants, managers and researchers as the trait that will most influence profitability for all major aquaculture species in Australia.  Other traits of general importance are survival to harvest, disease resistance (especially in edible molluscs), meat yield and feed conversion efficiency. For some aquaculture species, such as trout, there are good estimates of the heritabilities and genetic correlations among these traits, and studies are beginning for a number of crustacean and mollusc species.  In most cases, however, we still lack the basic information needed to define effective selection criteria for the traits we wish to improve.

Once the breeding objective and selection criteria have been determined, we need to consider the methods by which superior breeding stock will be selected.  Mass selection, where breeding stock are chosen on the basis of individual performance, is most common in aquaculture species.  This may lead to inbreeding, however, because individuals with superior performance will often be closely related.  One method of overcoming this is by taking the performance of relatives into account when choosing breeding stock (family selection).  The major research priority for genetic improvement across all aquaculture species in Australia is the development of genetic markers to enable accurate pedigree determination.  This would allow the more widespread use of family data in selection decisions, without costly maintenance of separate family lines until individuals can be physically marked.

The major constraint upon the implementation of genetic improvement programs by aquaculture industries is lack of available funds and resources.  Many aquaculture industries in Australia are small and immature, and uncertainties over production costs and market opportunities limit investment in long-term genetic improvement programs.  Ensuring industry ownership of genetic improvement programs, and national coordination among researchers, are vital in all aquaculture industries.  Government support may be necessary in the early stages of development, and the favourable benefit:cost ratio demonstrated, for example, by the Norwegian breeding program for salmonids, should encourage the targeted investment of public funds into genetic improvement programs for aquaculture species.

Aquaculture in Australia is a rapidly growing industry.  More than 60 aquatic species including crustaceans, molluscs, finfish, crocodiles and microalgae are presently cultured in Australia, although less than ten species support around 80% of the total value of the industry.  In 1995, a review of world aquaculture resources by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified genetic and diversity issues as major constraints to the future development of aquaculture.  There are two areas in which genetics is especially important in aquaculture development: (1) the genetic improvement of important production traits; and (2) genetic implications of the intentional movement (translocation) of organisms for aquaculture or restocking programs.

Genetic improvement of aquaculture species offers substantial opportunities for increased production efficiency, disease control, product quality and ultimately profitability for aquaculture industries.  Most aquaculture industries in Australia are at an early stage of development and would benefit from the introduction of genetic improvement programs.

The first step in a genetic improvement program is to determine which traits should be improved (the breeding objective), and find measures for those traits (the selection criteria).  Size at harvest is perceived by industry participants, managers and researchers as the trait that will most influence profitability for all major aquaculture species in Australia.  Other traits of general importance are survival to harvest, disease resistance (especially in edible molluscs), meat yield and feed conversion efficiency. For some aquaculture species, such as trout, there are good estimates of the heritabilities and genetic correlations among these traits, and studies are beginning for a number of crustacean and mollusc species.  In most cases, however, we still lack the basic information needed to define effective selection criteria for the traits we wish to improve.

Once the breeding objective and selection criteria have been determined, we need to consider the methods by which superior breeding stock will be selected.  Mass selection, where breeding stock are chosen on the basis of individual performance, is most common in aquaculture species.  This may lead to inbreeding, however, because individuals with superior performance will often be closely related.  One method of overcoming this is by taking the performance of relatives into account when choosing breeding stock (family selection).  The major research priority for genetic improvement across all aquaculture species in Australia is the development of genetic markers to enable accurate pedigree determination.  This would allow the more widespread use of family data in selection decisions, without costly maintenance of separate family lines until individuals can be physically marked.

The major constraint upon the implementation of genetic improvement programs by aquaculture industries is lack of available funds and resources.  Many aquaculture industries in Australia are small and immature, and uncertainties over production costs and market opportunities limit investment in long-term genetic improvement programs.  Ensuring industry ownership of genetic improvement programs, and national coordination among researchers, are vital in all aquaculture industries.  Government support may be necessary in the early stages of development, and the favourable benefit:cost ratio demonstrated, for example, by the Norwegian breeding program for salmonids, should encourage the targeted investment of public funds into genetic improvement programs for aquaculture species.

Aquaculture in Australia is a rapidly growing industry.  More than 60 aquatic species including crustaceans, molluscs, finfish, crocodiles and microalgae are presently cultured in Australia, although less than ten species support around 80% of the total value of the industry.  In 1995, a review of world aquaculture resources by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified genetic and diversity issues as major constraints to the future development of aquaculture.  There are two areas in which genetics is especially important in aquaculture development: (1) the genetic improvement of important production traits; and (2) genetic implications of the intentional movement (translocation) of organisms for aquaculture or restocking programs.

Genetic improvement of aquaculture species offers substantial opportunities for increased production efficiency, disease control, product quality and ultimately profitability for aquaculture industries.  Most aquaculture industries in Australia are at an early stage of development and would benefit from the introduction of genetic improvement programs.

The first step in a genetic improvement program is to determine which traits should be improved (the breeding objective), and find measures for those traits (the selection criteria).  Size at harvest is perceived by industry participants, managers and researchers as the trait that will most influence profitability for all major aquaculture species in Australia.  Other traits of general importance are survival to harvest, disease resistance (especially in edible molluscs), meat yield and feed conversion efficiency. For some aquaculture species, such as trout, there are good estimates of the heritabilities and genetic correlations among these traits, and studies are beginning for a number of crustacean and mollusc species.  In most cases, however, we still lack the basic information needed to define effective selection criteria for the traits we wish to improve.

Once the breeding objective and selection criteria have been determined, we need to consider the methods by which superior breeding stock will be selected.  Mass selection, where breeding stock are chosen on the basis of individual performance, is most common in aquaculture species.  This may lead to inbreeding, however, because individuals with superior performance will often be closely related.  One method of overcoming this is by taking the performance of relatives into account when choosing breeding stock (family selection).  The major research priority for genetic improvement across all aquaculture species in Australia is the development of genetic markers to enable accurate pedigree determination.  This would allow the more widespread use of family data in selection decisions, without costly maintenance of separate family lines until individuals can be physically marked.

The major constraint upon the implementation of genetic improvement programs by aquaculture industries is lack of available funds and resources.  Many aquaculture industries in Australia are small and immature, and uncertainties over production costs and market opportunities limit investment in long-term genetic improvement programs.  Ensuring industry ownership of genetic improvement programs, and national coordination among researchers, are vital in all aquaculture industries.  Government support may be necessary in the early stages of development, and the favourable benefit:cost ratio demonstrated, for example, by the Norwegian breeding program for salmonids, should encourage the targeted investment of public funds into genetic improvement programs for aquaculture species.

Aquaculture in Australia is a rapidly growing industry.  More than 60 aquatic species including crustaceans, molluscs, finfish, crocodiles and microalgae are presently cultured in Australia, although less than ten species support around 80% of the total value of the industry.  In 1995, a review of world aquaculture resources by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified genetic and diversity issues as major constraints to the future development of aquaculture.  There are two areas in which genetics is especially important in aquaculture development: (1) the genetic improvement of important production traits; and (2) genetic implications of the intentional movement (translocation) of organisms for aquaculture or restocking programs.

Genetic improvement of aquaculture species offers substantial opportunities for increased production efficiency, disease control, product quality and ultimately profitability for aquaculture industries.  Most aquaculture industries in Australia are at an early stage of development and would benefit from the introduction of genetic improvement programs.

The first step in a genetic improvement program is to determine which traits should be improved (the breeding objective), and find measures for those traits (the selection criteria).  Size at harvest is perceived by industry participants, managers and researchers as the trait that will most influence profitability for all major aquaculture species in Australia.  Other traits of general importance are survival to harvest, disease resistance (especially in edible molluscs), meat yield and feed conversion efficiency. For some aquaculture species, such as trout, there are good estimates of the heritabilities and genetic correlations among these traits, and studies are beginning for a number of crustacean and mollusc species.  In most cases, however, we still lack the basic information needed to define effective selection criteria for the traits we wish to improve.

Once the breeding objective and selection criteria have been determined, we need to consider the methods by which superior breeding stock will be selected.  Mass selection, where breeding stock are chosen on the basis of individual performance, is most common in aquaculture species.  This may lead to inbreeding, however, because individuals with superior performance will often be closely related.  One method of overcoming this is by taking the performance of relatives into account when choosing breeding stock (family selection).  The major research priority for genetic improvement across all aquaculture species in Australia is the development of genetic markers to enable accurate pedigree determination.  This would allow the more widespread use of family data in selection decisions, without costly maintenance of separate family lines until individuals can be physically marked.

The major constraint upon the implementation of genetic improvement programs by aquaculture industries is lack of available funds and resources.  Many aquaculture industries in Australia are small and immature, and uncertainties over production costs and market opportunities limit investment in long-term genetic improvement programs.  Ensuring industry ownership of genetic improvement programs, and national coordination among researchers, are vital in all aquaculture industries.  Government support may be necessary in the early stages of development, and the favourable benefit:cost ratio demonstrated, for example, by the Norwegian breeding program for salmonids, should encourage the targeted investment of public funds into genetic improvement programs for aquaculture species.

Aquaculture in Australia is a rapidly growing industry.  More than 60 aquatic species including crustaceans, molluscs, finfish, crocodiles and microalgae are presently cultured in Australia, although less than ten species support around 80% of the total value of the industry.  In 1995, a review of world aquaculture resources by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified genetic and diversity issues as major constraints to the future development of aquaculture.  There are two areas in which genetics is especially important in aquaculture development: (1) the genetic improvement of important production traits; and (2) genetic implications of the intentional movement (translocation) of organisms for aquaculture or restocking programs.

Genetic improvement of aquaculture species offers substantial opportunities for increased production efficiency, disease control, product quality and ultimately profitability for aquaculture industries.  Most aquaculture industries in Australia are at an early stage of development and would benefit from the introduction of genetic improvement programs.

The first step in a genetic improvement program is to determine which traits should be improved (the breeding objective), and find measures for those traits (the selection criteria).  Size at harvest is perceived by industry participants, managers and researchers as the trait that will most influence profitability for all major aquaculture species in Australia.  Other traits of general importance are survival to harvest, disease resistance (especially in edible molluscs), meat yield and feed conversion efficiency. For some aquaculture species, such as trout, there are good estimates of the heritabilities and genetic correlations among these traits, and studies are beginning for a number of crustacean and mollusc species.  In most cases, however, we still lack the basic information needed to define effective selection criteria for the traits we wish to improve.

Once the breeding objective and selection criteria have been determined, we need to consider the methods by which superior breeding stock will be selected.  Mass selection, where breeding stock are chosen on the basis of individual performance, is most common in aquaculture species.  This may lead to inbreeding, however, because individuals with superior performance will often be closely related.  One method of overcoming this is by taking the performance of relatives into account when choosing breeding stock (family selection).  The major research priority for genetic improvement across all aquaculture species in Australia is the development of genetic markers to enable accurate pedigree determination.  This would allow the more widespread use of family data in selection decisions, without costly maintenance of separate family lines until individuals can be physically marked.

The major constraint upon the implementation of genetic improvement programs by aquaculture industries is lack of available funds and resources.  Many aquaculture industries in Australia are small and immature, and uncertainties over production costs and market opportunities limit investment in long-term genetic improvement programs.  Ensuring industry ownership of genetic improvement programs, and national coordination among researchers, are vital in all aquaculture industries.  Government support may be necessary in the early stages of development, and the favourable benefit:cost ratio demonstrated, for example, by the Norwegian breeding program for salmonids, should encourage the targeted investment of public funds into genetic improvement programs for aquaculture species.

Aquaculture in Australia is a rapidly growing industry.  More than 60 aquatic species including crustaceans, molluscs, finfish, crocodiles and microalgae are presently cultured in Australia, although less than ten species support around 80% of the total value of the industry.  In 1995, a review of world aquaculture resources by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified genetic and diversity issues as major constraints to the future development of aquaculture.  There are two areas in which genetics is especially important in aquaculture development: (1) the genetic improvement of important production traits; and (2) genetic implications of the intentional movement (translocation) of organisms for aquaculture or restocking programs.

Genetic improvement of aquaculture species offers substantial opportunities for increased production efficiency, disease control, product quality and ultimately profitability for aquaculture industries.  Most aquaculture industries in Australia are at an early stage of development and would benefit from the introduction of genetic improvement programs.

The first step in a genetic improvement program is to determine which traits should be improved (the breeding objective), and find measures for those traits (the selection criteria).  Size at harvest is perceived by industry participants, managers and researchers as the trait that will most influence profitability for all major aquaculture species in Australia.  Other traits of general importance are survival to harvest, disease resistance (especially in edible molluscs), meat yield and feed conversion efficiency. For some aquaculture species, such as trout, there are good estimates of the heritabilities and genetic correlations among these traits, and studies are beginning for a number of crustacean and mollusc species.  In most cases, however, we still lack the basic information needed to define effective selection criteria for the traits we wish to improve.

Once the breeding objective and selection criteria have been determined, we need to consider the methods by which superior breeding stock will be selected.  Mass selection, where breeding stock are chosen on the basis of individual performance, is most common in aquaculture species.  This may lead to inbreeding, however, because individuals with superior performance will often be closely related.  One method of overcoming this is by taking the performance of relatives into account when choosing breeding stock (family selection).  The major research priority for genetic improvement across all aquaculture species in Australia is the development of genetic markers to enable accurate pedigree determination.  This would allow the more widespread use of family data in selection decisions, without costly maintenance of separate family lines until individuals can be physically marked.

The major constraint upon the implementation of genetic improvement programs by aquaculture industries is lack of available funds and resources.  Many aquaculture industries in Australia are small and immature, and uncertainties over production costs and market opportunities limit investment in long-term genetic improvement programs.  Ensuring industry ownership of genetic improvement programs, and national coordination among researchers, are vital in all aquaculture industries.  Government support may be necessary in the early stages of development, and the favourable benefit:cost ratio demonstrated, for example, by the Norwegian breeding program for salmonids, should encourage the targeted investment of public funds into genetic improvement programs for aquaculture species.

Aquaculture in Australia is a rapidly growing industry.  More than 60 aquatic species including crustaceans, molluscs, finfish, crocodiles and microalgae are presently cultured in Australia, although less than ten species support around 80% of the total value of the industry.  In 1995, a review of world aquaculture resources by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified genetic and diversity issues as major constraints to the future development of aquaculture.  There are two areas in which genetics is especially important in aquaculture development: (1) the genetic improvement of important production traits; and (2) genetic implications of the intentional movement (translocation) of organisms for aquaculture or restocking programs.

Genetic improvement of aquaculture species offers substantial opportunities for increased production efficiency, disease control, product quality and ultimately profitability for aquaculture industries.  Most aquaculture industries in Australia are at an early stage of development and would benefit from the introduction of genetic improvement programs.

The first step in a genetic improvement program is to determine which traits should be improved (the breeding objective), and find measures for those traits (the selection criteria).  Size at harvest is perceived by industry participants, managers and researchers as the trait that will most influence profitability for all major aquaculture species in Australia.  Other traits of general importance are survival to harvest, disease resistance (especially in edible molluscs), meat yield and feed conversion efficiency. For some aquaculture species, such as trout, there are good estimates of the heritabilities and genetic correlations among these traits, and studies are beginning for a number of crustacean and mollusc species.  In most cases, however, we still lack the basic information needed to define effective selection criteria for the traits we wish to improve.

Once the breeding objective and selection criteria have been determined, we need to consider the methods by which superior breeding stock will be selected.  Mass selection, where breeding stock are chosen on the basis of individual performance, is most common in aquaculture species.  This may lead to inbreeding, however, because individuals with superior performance will often be closely related.  One method of overcoming this is by taking the performance of relatives into account when choosing breeding stock (family selection).  The major research priority for genetic improvement across all aquaculture species in Australia is the development of genetic markers to enable accurate pedigree determination.  This would allow the more widespread use of family data in selection decisions, without costly maintenance of separate family lines until individuals can be physically marked.

The major constraint upon the implementation of genetic improvement programs by aquaculture industries is lack of available funds and resources.  Many aquaculture industries in Australia are small and immature, and uncertainties over production costs and market opportunities limit investment in long-term genetic improvement programs.  Ensuring industry ownership of genetic improvement programs, and national coordination among researchers, are vital in all aquaculture industries.  Government support may be necessary in the early stages of development, and the favourable benefit:cost ratio demonstrated, for example, by the Norwegian breeding program for salmonids, should encourage the targeted investment of public funds into genetic improvement programs for aquaculture species.

Aquaculture in Australia is a rapidly growing industry.  More than 60 aquatic species including crustaceans, molluscs, finfish, crocodiles and microalgae are presently cultured in Australia, although less than ten species support around 80% of the total value of the industry.  In 1995, a review of world aquaculture resources by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified genetic and diversity issues as major constraints to the future development of aquaculture.  There are two areas in which genetics is especially important in aquaculture development: (1) the genetic improvement of important production traits; and (2) genetic implications of the intentional movement (translocation) of organisms for aquaculture or restocking programs.

Genetic improvement of aquaculture species offers substantial opportunities for increased production efficiency, disease control, product quality and ultimately profitability for aquaculture industries.  Most aquaculture industries in Australia are at an early stage of development and would benefit from the introduction of genetic improvement programs.

The first step in a genetic improvement program is to determine which traits should be improved (the breeding objective), and find measures for those traits (the selection criteria).  Size at harvest is perceived by industry participants, managers and researchers as the trait that will most influence profitability for all major aquaculture species in Australia.  Other traits of general importance are survival to harvest, disease resistance (especially in edible molluscs), meat yield and feed conversion efficiency. For some aquaculture species, such as trout, there are good estimates of the heritabilities and genetic correlations among these traits, and studies are beginning for a number of crustacean and mollusc species.  In most cases, however, we still lack the basic information needed to define effective selection criteria for the traits we wish to improve.

Once the breeding objective and selection criteria have been determined, we need to consider the methods by which superior breeding stock will be selected.  Mass selection, where breeding stock are chosen on the basis of individual performance, is most common in aquaculture species.  This may lead to inbreeding, however, because individuals with superior performance will often be closely related.  One method of overcoming this is by taking the performance of relatives into account when choosing breeding stock (family selection).  The major research priority for genetic improvement across all aquaculture species in Australia is the development of genetic markers to enable accurate pedigree determination.  This would allow the more widespread use of family data in selection decisions, without costly maintenance of separate family lines until individuals can be physically marked.

The major constraint upon the implementation of genetic improvement programs by aquaculture industries is lack of available funds and resources.  Many aquaculture industries in Australia are small and immature, and uncertainties over production costs and market opportunities limit investment in long-term genetic improvement programs.  Ensuring industry ownership of genetic improvement programs, and national coordination among researchers, are vital in all aquaculture industries.  Government support may be necessary in the early stages of development, and the favourable benefit:cost ratio demonstrated, for example, by the Norwegian breeding program for salmonids, should encourage the targeted investment of public funds into genetic improvement programs for aquaculture species.

Aquaculture in Australia is a rapidly growing industry.  More than 60 aquatic species including crustaceans, molluscs, finfish, crocodiles and microalgae are presently cultured in Australia, although less than ten species support around 80% of the total value of the industry.  In 1995, a review of world aquaculture resources by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified genetic and diversity issues as major constraints to the future development of aquaculture.  There are two areas in which genetics is especially important in aquaculture development: (1) the genetic improvement of important production traits; and (2) genetic implications of the intentional movement (translocation) of organisms for aquaculture or restocking programs.

Genetic improvement of aquaculture species offers substantial opportunities for increased production efficiency, disease control, product quality and ultimately profitability for aquaculture industries.  Most aquaculture industries in Australia are at an early stage of development and would benefit from the introduction of genetic improvement programs.

The first step in a genetic improvement program is to determine which traits should be improved (the breeding objective), and find measures for those traits (the selection criteria).  Size at harvest is perceived by industry participants, managers and researchers as the trait that will most influence profitability for all major aquaculture species in Australia.  Other traits of general importance are survival to harvest, disease resistance (especially in edible molluscs), meat yield and feed conversion efficiency. For some aquaculture species, such as trout, there are good estimates of the heritabilities and genetic correlations among these traits, and studies are beginning for a number of crustacean and mollusc species.  In most cases, however, we still lack the basic information needed to define effective selection criteria for the traits we wish to improve.

Once the breeding objective and selection criteria have been determined, we need to consider the methods by which superior breeding stock will be selected.  Mass selection, where breeding stock are chosen on the basis of individual performance, is most common in aquaculture species.  This may lead to inbreeding, however, because individuals with superior performance will often be closely related.  One method of overcoming this is by taking the performance of relatives into account when choosing breeding stock (family selection).  The major research priority for genetic improvement across all aquaculture species in Australia is the development of genetic markers to enable accurate pedigree determination.  This would allow the more widespread use of family data in selection decisions, without costly maintenance of separate family lines until individuals can be physically marked.

The major constraint upon the implementation of genetic improvement programs by aquaculture industries is lack of available funds and resources.  Many aquaculture industries in Australia are small and immature, and uncertainties over production costs and market opportunities limit investment in long-term genetic improvement programs.  Ensuring industry ownership of genetic improvement programs, and national coordination among researchers, are vital in all aquaculture industries.  Government support may be necessary in the early stages of development, and the favourable benefit:cost ratio demonstrated, for example, by the Norwegian breeding program for salmonids, should encourage the targeted investment of public funds into genetic improvement programs for aquaculture species.

Aquaculture in Australia is a rapidly growing industry.  More than 60 aquatic species including crustaceans, molluscs, finfish, crocodiles and microalgae are presently cultured in Australia, although less than ten species support around 80% of the total value of the industry.  In 1995, a review of world aquaculture resources by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified genetic and diversity issues as major constraints to the future development of aquaculture.  There are two areas in which genetics is especially important in aquaculture development: (1) the genetic improvement of important production traits; and (2) genetic implications of the intentional movement (translocation) of organisms for aquaculture or restocking programs.

Genetic improvement of aquaculture species offers substantial opportunities for increased production efficiency, disease control, product quality and ultimately profitability for aquaculture industries.  Most aquaculture industries in Australia are at an early stage of development and would benefit from the introduction of genetic improvement programs.

The first step in a genetic improvement program is to determine which traits should be improved (the breeding objective), and find measures for those traits (the selection criteria).  Size at harvest is perceived by industry participants, managers and researchers as the trait that will most influence profitability for all major aquaculture species in Australia.  Other traits of general importance are survival to harvest, disease resistance (especially in edible molluscs), meat yield and feed conversion efficiency. For some aquaculture species, such as trout, there are good estimates of the heritabilities and genetic correlations among these traits, and studies are beginning for a number of crustacean and mollusc species.  In most cases, however, we still lack the basic information needed to define effective selection criteria for the traits we wish to improve.

Once the breeding objective and selection criteria have been determined, we need to consider the methods by which superior breeding stock will be selected.  Mass selection, where breeding stock are chosen on the basis of individual performance, is most common in aquaculture species.  This may lead to inbreeding, however, because individuals with superior performance will often be closely related.  One method of overcoming this is by taking the performance of relatives into account when choosing breeding stock (family selection).  The major research priority for genetic improvement across all aquaculture species in Australia is the development of genetic markers to enable accurate pedigree determination.  This would allow the more widespread use of family data in selection decisions, without costly maintenance of separate family lines until individuals can be physically marked.

The major constraint upon the implementation of genetic improvement programs by aquaculture industries is lack of available funds and resources.  Many aquaculture industries in Australia are small and immature, and uncertainties over production costs and market opportunities limit investment in long-term genetic improvement programs.  Ensuring industry ownership of genetic improvement programs, and national coordination among researchers, are vital in all aquaculture industries.  Government support may be necessary in the early stages of development, and the favourable benefit:cost ratio demonstrated, for example, by the Norwegian breeding program for salmonids, should encourage the targeted investment of public funds into genetic improvement programs for aquaculture species.

Aquaculture in Australia is a rapidly growing industry.  More than 60 aquatic species including crustaceans, molluscs, finfish, crocodiles and microalgae are presently cultured in Australia, although less than ten species support around 80% of the total value of the industry.  In 1995, a review of world aquaculture resources by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified genetic and diversity issues as major constraints to the future development of aquaculture.  There are two areas in which genetics is especially important in aquaculture development: (1) the genetic improvement of important production traits; and (2) genetic implications of the intentional movement (translocation) of organisms for aquaculture or restocking programs.

Genetic improvement of aquaculture species offers substantial opportunities for increased production efficiency, disease control, product quality and ultimately profitability for aquaculture industries.  Most aquaculture industries in Australia are at an early stage of development and would benefit from the introduction of genetic improvement programs.

The first step in a genetic improvement program is to determine which traits should be improved (the breeding objective), and find measures for those traits (the selection criteria).  Size at harvest is perceived by industry participants, managers and researchers as the trait that will most influence profitability for all major aquaculture species in Australia.  Other traits of general importance are survival to harvest, disease resistance (especially in edible molluscs), meat yield and feed conversion efficiency. For some aquaculture species, such as trout, there are good estimates of the heritabilities and genetic correlations among these traits, and studies are beginning for a number of crustacean and mollusc species.  In most cases, however, we still lack the basic information needed to define effective selection criteria for the traits we wish to improve.

Once the breeding objective and selection criteria have been determined, we need to consider the methods by which superior breeding stock will be selected.  Mass selection, where breeding stock are chosen on the basis of individual performance, is most common in aquaculture species.  This may lead to inbreeding, however, because individuals with superior performance will often be closely related.  One method of overcoming this is by taking the performance of relatives into account when choosing breeding stock (family selection).  The major research priority for genetic improvement across all aquaculture species in Australia is the development of genetic markers to enable accurate pedigree determination.  This would allow the more widespread use of family data in selection decisions, without costly maintenance of separate family lines until individuals can be physically marked.

The major constraint upon the implementation of genetic improvement programs by aquaculture industries is lack of available funds and resources.  Many aquaculture industries in Australia are small and immature, and uncertainties over production costs and market opportunities limit investment in long-term genetic improvement programs.  Ensuring industry ownership of genetic improvement programs, and national coordination among researchers, are vital in all aquaculture industries.  Government support may be necessary in the early stages of development, and the favourable benefit:cost ratio demonstrated, for example, by the Norwegian breeding program for salmonids, should encourage the targeted investment of public funds into genetic improvement programs for aquaculture species.

Aquaculture in Australia is a rapidly growing industry.  More than 60 aquatic species including crustaceans, molluscs, finfish, crocodiles and microalgae are presently cultured in Australia, although less than ten species support around 80% of the total value of the industry.  In 1995, a review of world aquaculture resources by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified genetic and diversity issues as major constraints to the future development of aquaculture.  There are two areas in which genetics is especially important in aquaculture development: (1) the genetic improvement of important production traits; and (2) genetic implications of the intentional movement (translocation) of organisms for aquaculture or restocking programs.

Genetic improvement of aquaculture species offers substantial opportunities for increased production efficiency, disease control, product quality and ultimately profitability for aquaculture industries.  Most aquaculture industries in Australia are at an early stage of development and would benefit from the introduction of genetic improvement programs.

The first step in a genetic improvement program is to determine which traits should be improved (the breeding objective), and find measures for those traits (the selection criteria).  Size at harvest is perceived by industry participants, managers and researchers as the trait that will most influence profitability for all major aquaculture species in Australia.  Other traits of general importance are survival to harvest, disease resistance (especially in edible molluscs), meat yield and feed conversion efficiency. For some aquaculture species, such as trout, there are good estimates of the heritabilities and genetic correlations among these traits, and studies are beginning for a number of crustacean and mollusc species.  In most cases, however, we still lack the basic information needed to define effective selection criteria for the traits we wish to improve.

Once the breeding objective and selection criteria have been determined, we need to consider the methods by which superior breeding stock will be selected.  Mass selection, where breeding stock are chosen on the basis of individual performance, is most common in aquaculture species.  This may lead to inbreeding, however, because individuals with superior performance will often be closely related.  One method of overcoming this is by taking the performance of relatives into account when choosing breeding stock (family selection).  The major research priority for genetic improvement across all aquaculture species in Australia is the development of genetic markers to enable accurate pedigree determination.  This would allow the more widespread use of family data in selection decisions, without costly maintenance of separate family lines until individuals can be physically marked.

The major constraint upon the implementation of genetic improvement programs by aquaculture industries is lack of available funds and resources.  Many aquaculture industries in Australia are small and immature, and uncertainties over production costs and market opportunities limit investment in long-term genetic improvement programs.  Ensuring industry ownership of genetic improvement programs, and national coordination among researchers, are vital in all aquaculture industries.  Government support may be necessary in the early stages of development, and the favourable benefit:cost ratio demonstrated, for example, by the Norwegian breeding program for salmonids, should encourage the targeted investment of public funds into genetic improvement programs for aquaculture species.

Aquaculture in Australia is a rapidly growing industry.  More than 60 aquatic species including crustaceans, molluscs, finfish, crocodiles and microalgae are presently cultured in Australia, although less than ten species support around 80% of the total value of the industry.  In 1995, a review of world aquaculture resources by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified genetic and diversity issues as major constraints to the future development of aquaculture.  There are two areas in which genetics is especially important in aquaculture development: (1) the genetic improvement of important production traits; and (2) genetic implications of the intentional movement (translocation) of organisms for aquaculture or restocking programs.

Genetic improvement of aquaculture species offers substantial opportunities for increased production efficiency, disease control, product quality and ultimately profitability for aquaculture industries.  Most aquaculture industries in Australia are at an early stage of development and would benefit from the introduction of genetic improvement programs.

The first step in a genetic improvement program is to determine which traits should be improved (the breeding objective), and find measures for those traits (the selection criteria).  Size at harvest is perceived by industry participants, managers and researchers as the trait that will most influence profitability for all major aquaculture species in Australia.  Other traits of general importance are survival to harvest, disease resistance (especially in edible molluscs), meat yield and feed conversion efficiency. For some aquaculture species, such as trout, there are good estimates of the heritabilities and genetic correlations among these traits, and studies are beginning for a number of crustacean and mollusc species.  In most cases, however, we still lack the basic information needed to define effective selection criteria for the traits we wish to improve.

Once the breeding objective and selection criteria have been determined, we need to consider the methods by which superior breeding stock will be selected.  Mass selection, where breeding stock are chosen on the basis of individual performance, is most common in aquaculture species.  This may lead to inbreeding, however, because individuals with superior performance will often be closely related.  One method of overcoming this is by taking the performance of relatives into account when choosing breeding stock (family selection).  The major research priority for genetic improvement across all aquaculture species in Australia is the development of genetic markers to enable accurate pedigree determination.  This would allow the more widespread use of family data in selection decisions, without costly maintenance of separate family lines until individuals can be physically marked.

The major constraint upon the implementation of genetic improvement programs by aquaculture industries is lack of available funds and resources.  Many aquaculture industries in Australia are small and immature, and uncertainties over production costs and market opportunities limit investment in long-term genetic improvement programs.  Ensuring industry ownership of genetic improvement programs, and national coordination among researchers, are vital in all aquaculture industries.  Government support may be necessary in the early stages of development, and the favourable benefit:cost ratio demonstrated, for example, by the Norwegian breeding program for salmonids, should encourage the targeted investment of public funds into genetic improvement programs for aquaculture species.

Aquaculture in Australia is a rapidly growing industry.  More than 60 aquatic species including crustaceans, molluscs, finfish, crocodiles and microalgae are presently cultured in Australia, although less than ten species support around 80% of the total value of the industry.  In 1995, a review of world aquaculture resources by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified genetic and diversity issues as major constraints to the future development of aquaculture.  There are two areas in which genetics is especially important in aquaculture development: (1) the genetic improvement of important production traits; and (2) genetic implications of the intentional movement (translocation) of organisms for aquaculture or restocking programs.

Genetic improvement of aquaculture species offers substantial opportunities for increased production efficiency, disease control, product quality and ultimately profitability for aquaculture industries.  Most aquaculture industries in Australia are at an early stage of development and would benefit from the introduction of genetic improvement programs.

The first step in a genetic improvement program is to determine which traits should be improved (the breeding objective), and find measures for those traits (the selection criteria).  Size at harvest is perceived by industry participants, managers and researchers as the trait that will most influence profitability for all major aquaculture species in Australia.  Other traits of general importance are survival to harvest, disease resistance (especially in edible molluscs), meat yield and feed conversion efficiency. For some aquaculture species, such as trout, there are good estimates of the heritabilities and genetic correlations among these traits, and studies are beginning for a number of crustacean and mollusc species.  In most cases, however, we still lack the basic information needed to define effective selection criteria for the traits we wish to improve.

Once the breeding objective and selection criteria have been determined, we need to consider the methods by which superior breeding stock will be selected.  Mass selection, where breeding stock are chosen on the basis of individual performance, is most common in aquaculture species.  This may lead to inbreeding, however, because individuals with superior performance will often be closely related.  One method of overcoming this is by taking the performance of relatives into account when choosing breeding stock (family selection).  The major research priority for genetic improvement across all aquaculture species in Australia is the development of genetic markers to enable accurate pedigree determination.  This would allow the more widespread use of family data in selection decisions, without costly maintenance of separate family lines until individuals can be physically marked.

The major constraint upon the implementation of genetic improvement programs by aquaculture industries is lack of available funds and resources.  Many aquaculture industries in Australia are small and immature, and uncertainties over production costs and market opportunities limit investment in long-term genetic improvement programs.  Ensuring industry ownership of genetic improvement programs, and national coordination among researchers, are vital in all aquaculture industries.  Government support may be necessary in the early stages of development, and the favourable benefit:cost ratio demonstrated, for example, by the Norwegian breeding program for salmonids, should encourage the targeted investment of public funds into genetic improvement programs for aquaculture species.

Aquaculture in Australia is a rapidly growing industry.  More than 60 aquatic species including crustaceans, molluscs, finfish, crocodiles and microalgae are presently cultured in Australia, although less than ten species support around 80% of the total value of the industry.  In 1995, a review of world aquaculture resources by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified genetic and diversity issues as major constraints to the future development of aquaculture.  There are two areas in which genetics is especially important in aquaculture development: (1) the genetic improvement of important production traits; and (2) genetic implications of the intentional movement (translocation) of organisms for aquaculture or restocking programs.

Genetic improvement of aquaculture species offers substantial opportunities for increased production efficiency, disease control, product quality and ultimately profitability for aquaculture industries.  Most aquaculture industries in Australia are at an early stage of development and would benefit from the introduction of genetic improvement programs.

The first step in a genetic improvement program is to determine which traits should be improved (the breeding objective), and find measures for those traits (the selection criteria).  Size at harvest is perceived by industry participants, managers and researchers as the trait that will most influence profitability for all major aquaculture species in Australia.  Other traits of general importance are survival to harvest, disease resistance (especially in edible molluscs), meat yield and feed conversion efficiency. For some aquaculture species, such as trout, there are good estimates of the heritabilities and genetic correlations among these traits, and studies are beginning for a number of crustacean and mollusc species.  In most cases, however, we still lack the basic information needed to define effective selection criteria for the traits we wish to improve.

Once the breeding objective and selection criteria have been determined, we need to consider the methods by which superior breeding stock will be selected.  Mass selection, where breeding stock are chosen on the basis of individual performance, is most common in aquaculture species.  This may lead to inbreeding, however, because individuals with superior performance will often be closely related.  One method of overcoming this is by taking the performance of relatives into account when choosing breeding stock (family selection).  The major research priority for genetic improvement across all aquaculture species in Australia is the development of genetic markers to enable accurate pedigree determination.  This would allow the more widespread use of family data in selection decisions, without costly maintenance of separate family lines until individuals can be physically marked.

The major constraint upon the implementation of genetic improvement programs by aquaculture industries is lack of available funds and resources.  Many aquaculture industries in Australia are small and immature, and uncertainties over production costs and market opportunities limit investment in long-term genetic improvement programs.  Ensuring industry ownership of genetic improvement programs, and national coordination among researchers, are vital in all aquaculture industries.  Government support may be necessary in the early stages of development, and the favourable benefit:cost ratio demonstrated, for example, by the Norwegian breeding program for salmonids, should encourage the targeted investment of public funds into genetic improvement programs for aquaculture species.

Aquaculture in Australia is a rapidly growing industry.  More than 60 aquatic species including crustaceans, molluscs, finfish, crocodiles and microalgae are presently cultured in Australia, although less than ten species support around 80% of the total value of the industry.  In 1995, a review of world aquaculture resources by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified genetic and diversity issues as major constraints to the future development of aquaculture.  There are two areas in which genetics is especially important in aquaculture development: (1) the genetic improvement of important production traits; and (2) genetic implications of the intentional movement (translocation) of organisms for aquaculture or restocking programs.

Genetic improvement of aquaculture species offers substantial opportunities for increased production efficiency, disease control, product quality and ultimately profitability for aquaculture industries.  Most aquaculture industries in Australia are at an early stage of development and would benefit from the introduction of genetic improvement programs.

The first step in a genetic improvement program is to determine which traits should be improved (the breeding objective), and find measures for those traits (the selection criteria).  Size at harvest is perceived by industry participants, managers and researchers as the trait that will most influence profitability for all major aquaculture species in Australia.  Other traits of general importance are survival to harvest, disease resistance (especially in edible molluscs), meat yield and feed conversion efficiency. For some aquaculture species, such as trout, there are good estimates of the heritabilities and genetic correlations among these traits, and studies are beginning for a number of crustacean and mollusc species.  In most cases, however, we still lack the basic information needed to define effective selection criteria for the traits we wish to improve.

Once the breeding objective and selection criteria have been determined, we need to consider the methods by which superior breeding stock will be selected.  Mass selection, where breeding stock are chosen on the basis of individual performance, is most common in aquaculture species.  This may lead to inbreeding, however, because individuals with superior performance will often be closely related.  One method of overcoming this is by taking the performance of relatives into account when choosing breeding stock (family selection).  The major research priority for genetic improvement across all aquaculture species in Australia is the development of genetic markers to enable accurate pedigree determination.  This would allow the more widespread use of family data in selection decisions, without costly maintenance of separate family lines until individuals can be physically marked.

The major constraint upon the implementation of genetic improvement programs by aquaculture industries is lack of available funds and resources.  Many aquaculture industries in Australia are small and immature, and uncertainties over production costs and market opportunities limit investment in long-term genetic improvement programs.  Ensuring industry ownership of genetic improvement programs, and national coordination among researchers, are vital in all aquaculture industries.  Government support may be necessary in the early stages of development, and the favourable benefit:cost ratio demonstrated, for example, by the Norwegian breeding program for salmonids, should encourage the targeted investment of public funds into genetic improvement programs for aquaculture species.